Cities of Salt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cities of Salt - Essay ExampleThe diachronic setting of this novel is crucial in explaining the relationship that existed between tradition and novelity. This novel is set in an Arabian emirate, where western companies are involved in hunt for oil (Munif, 9). This leads into the transition of the people of this emirate from their traditionalistic methods or ways, in to modernity. The author exercises this dynamic for purposes of explaining the forces of commoditization and alienation which are depicted to any emerging private-enterprise(prenominal) culture. Take for example Miteb al-Hathal, the leader of Wadi al-Uyoun (Munif, 22). This person is confronted by the various changes occurring in his home, and he finds it difficult to use words for purposes of explaining these changes. The silence of Miteb and his disappearance is a representation of the loss that his people are experiencing.It is a symbolisation of the effects of imposed modernization, and even people who are supp ortive of it, are unable to use phraseology for purposes of explaining the events and issues that is affecting their lives. A good example that can be used to illustrate this point is Daham al-Muzil (Munif, 25). He is an enthusiastic and loyal worker of Ibn Rashed, an Arabic Speaking individual. He refuses to stop working for Rashed, and learn modern skills that come with technology (Munif, 25). Furthermore, he is unable to speak effectively with the westward workers, who were speaking English. This is a constrict that Daham al-Muzil was reluctant to embrace modernity by learning new skills, and working for the new companies that were searching and hunting for oil in the emirates.In this novel, the dramatic change from the Bedouin nomadic culture to modernity, which is represented by Western companies, is problematic. For example, when modernity arrives at Wadi al-Uyoun, the people in this region have been living in a sympathetic manner as their ancestors (Munif, 29). These

Prosecuting Violators of International Humanitarian and Human Rights Essay

Prosecuting Violators of internationalist Humanitarian and Human Rights Law and The Merits and Limitations of the world(prenominal) Criminal Court (ICC) - show ExampleThe researcher states that although international jurists may non agree entirely with this argument, an actual discontent should go with an examination of theoretical perspectives which ar believed to offer answers to these stubborn issues. Apparently, humanitarian and human rights law do not provide simple solutions as to how to deal with violations of the fundamental human rights of people in times of crisis. They corroborate judicious efforts to implement norms which ideally will become unanimously recognized and support the international company in its assessment of, and response, to these crimes. The international community has been triumphant in establishing an agreement on numerous norms in the areas of humanitarian and human rights law. There is at present a solid set of laws, even though it evidently doe s not cater to every crisis or include every region. This code of rules will be raised to change as the problems confronting the international community assume new forms. Certainly, the implementation of the Statute of the International Criminal Court is a sign of the pace at which several sectors of international law are evolving. ... The primary purpose of the formation of an international wrong court was to change a tradition of claim for the perpetration of severe crimes, which has thrived and remains in existence significantly, with a tradition of liability. The formation of an international criminal court is in several contexts the finale of a chain of international attempts in such path. Nevertheless, those attempts shoot usually been unsuccessful for different causes, and, at any rate, have been greatly discriminating. The Tokyo and Nuremberg Tribunals, after the imprimatur World War, expressed genuine confidence for the tradition of liability, but the facts of the cold war aftermath outright surfaced. The idea that individuals and states perpetrating the most serious violations of human rights law should be prosecuted disappeared, and a tradition of immunity resurfaced. The conversation about the competence of international committees should be situated in a more enduring channelize of view. The influence of newly formed institutions like the informal committees cannot justly be weighed against that of established organizations like the International Court of Justice (ICG) and the Security Council (SC).

Experimentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Experimentation - Essay ExampleIn the name titled Effects of nickel and temperature on the ground beetle, authors Agnieszka J. Bednarska and Ryszard Laskowski set out to address the effectuate of nickel on the ground beetle. They start the article with a notion that is in truth common end-to-end the science world. The idea that all living things are exposed to outsides inhibitors which can greatly impact their top executive to survive and to function. These inhibitors can include a lack of available nourishment, moisture, and also temperatures which can cripple pull down the most thriving outside environment.Nickel (Ni) occurring element, but anthropogenic sources are responsible for its elevated concentrations in the environment. Since industrialization, large amounts of Ni have been released to the environment, especially from burning fossil fuels, Adding that, Nickel is usually emitted from smelters as very fine dust particles which remain in the atmosphere for a long time an d can be transported to long distances. In the vicinity of smelters, nickel concentrations in malicious gossip and plants may exceed its natural heart 100 times (Eisler 1998 Kabata-Pendias 2000) or even more, since in smelter-contaminated soils concentrations as high school as 22,000 mg kg -1 may occur (Everhart et. al 2006), (Bednarska, 2008, p. 189). The authors show in this citation, as well as others that follow, which they themselves are no different when it comes to researching topics and providing the necessary credit to those who have formulated the works which they review. As the authors describe, the continued increase in the production of nickel had made the study of the environmental hazards of this metal even more important to be aware of. They go on to write that, Toxic effects of Ni were studied in soil invertebrates such as earthworms (Scott-Fordsmand et al. 1998 Lock and Jansen 2002) and springtails (Scott-Fordsmand et al. 1999), where test organisms were exposed to increasing concentrations of the metal under constant ambient conditions in laboratory, Going on to write that, However, in the field natural stressing factors are likely to falsify responses of animals to chemical exposure through their influence on a variety of physiological processes. For example, high temperature, by increasing metabolic rates, can increase consumption and assimilation of toxicants contained in food and, thus, may ternary to increased intoxication of exposed animals. On the other hand, the elevated metabolic rate at high temperatures may help to increase rates of detoxification and elimination of toxins from an organism, (Bednarska, 2008, p. 190).Therefore, they move on to discuss the experiment at hand. That is, the direct impact whatever it may be on the ground beetle when it is exposed to nickel. Or as the writers describe the insect in its Latin name, P. oblongopunctatus (Coleoptera Carabidae). Bednarska & Laskowski describe the beetle as, Carabid beet les are for many reasons curiously interesting for ecotoxicology being important pest-control species they need special attention in

Railway shipment of hazardous cargo, Safety, and homeland security Essay

Railway shipment of hazardous cargo, Safety, and homeland security - Essay ExampleThe virtue provided conglomerate guidelines on packaging and operational rules safeguarding the shipment of such commodities using the railway line (Downey, 2014). after(prenominal) the 1975 Act, various laws and bills have been adopted to control the conveyance accorded to hazardous products within the awkward. Through these improvements, there has been trim number of accidents and spillage of dangerous materials and gases into the atmosphere. These transportations of the materials by dint of railway line are gradually improving and in the future, there will be limited or no cases of accidents or destruction of property through this form of transport.The United States Railway system is used for moving various types of hazardous cargo crosswise the expanse. The system is responsible for transporting toxic gas cargos across the state. Twenty percent of all of the gases transported in the country a re done through the railway system. According to Spraggins (2015), this percentage is equivalent to 1.7 million carloads of toxic gases go by rail. The perfect example of gas transported by rail is chlorine, which is essential for both the public health and major private laboratories. In addition, chlorine is necessary for purifying water. Due to its importance and its hazardous nature, twenty-two percent of chlorine is transported through railways (Spraggins 2015). It translates to 35000 carloads of chlorine annually.In addition, the railway system is utilised for freight of rank oil across the country. Approximately millions of gallons of highly flammable oil are hauled by rail to various destinations in the country. Reports and statistics by the American Association of roads in 2009 indicated that there were 9500 railcars that moved across the country in 2008 carrying crude oil (Mark, Seely, & Barrett, 2006). The high number crude of oil moved was because of its use

THE DILEMMA OF ADJUNCTS PROFESSORS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

THE DILEMMA OF ADJUNCTS PROFESSORS - Essay ExampleHiram Henriquez, bingle of the several adjunct professors of the University of Miami, has mentioned in an interview that The or so important thing is the pay. Adjunct professors are providing a service thats a high-end service, and they are getting paid resembling they are starting t each(prenominal)ers, standardised me. This statement is supported by the data released by the American Association of University Professors, which says that adjunct professors only agnize an average of $20,000 to $25,000 yearly compared to the $84,303 that is being paid to full-time professors. This range is considered to belong to the poverty wages and because of this most of the adjunct professors welcome the lifestyle of that belonging to the people below the poverty line in the joined States.Many adjunct professors are suffering from the huge gap between them and full-time professors. Henriquez, despite finishing Master of Fine Arts, has said t hat his salary in the university is 50 percent less than what he could have earned if he was a full time professor minus the health benefits as well. capital of Seychelles Baldassano, and adjunct professor of the Montgomery College quipped, I dont make much more than I would work at Starbucks. (Steiger, par. 2). Most of the adjunct teachers opt to find a second job in order to have to live through and to support their families.The management of the colleges and universities who hire adjunct professors clearly acknowledges the event that these professors are getting less than what they are working for as their salaries as a professor, although the job seems like a high-end one, is not enough to pay for their basic expenses (Aronowitz, par. 7). Two classes here, two at FIU... Its real rough because none of them are given benefits even though they are teaching 6, 7, 8 classes each semester, said Paul Driscoll, the vice dean of UM School of Communication.Sam Terilli, the department ch air of UM, has assessed the effects of

Economic Analysis of the Susan G. Komen Foundation - Philadelphia Research Paper

Economic compend of the Susan G. Komen Foundation - Philadelphia - Research Paper ExampleIn this case, public wellness initiatives to educate the public almost the problem of breast pubic louse have been credited with early detection of cancer, and an increase in the endurance rate in many atomic number 18as. Susan G. Komen Philadelphia is one such public health initiative that brings survivors and activists together in the cause of raising awareness of breast cancer in the community. They are dedicated to fulfilling the promise to hand over lives and to end breast cancer forever by empowering people, ensuring quality care for all, and energizing science to contract the cures (Susan G. Komen Philadelphia, para 1). In order to meet these life-changing objectives, the makeup must be financially headphone and fix that financial resources are being used in only positive and productive ways. The aim of this writing is to quickly analyze this particular health initiative and de termine the extent to which the community is investing in it is proving to benefit all residents of Philadelphia. Analysis Cancer question requires a great amount of both forgiving and financial capital. Organizations that support a public health initiative depend on fiscally sound behaviour in order to continue their operations. The Susan G. Komen organization is certainly no exception. They have proved that they are a responsible entity that is concerned about the work they have chosen to undertake. This was demonstrated recently with their woof of CEO to lead the organization through to the next level. Their new CEO, Judith A. Salerno, M.S., M.S., is nationally shaftn for her work in the areas of health policy and research. She has been chosen to lead the national organization of Susan G. Komen, of which the Philadelphia chapter is a member. Susan G. Komen is the largest breast cancer organization in the world, with over 120 affiliates globally. Community chapters are respons ible for serving the needs of breast cancer research through community health and education programs (komenphiladelphia.org, para 2). Funding for breast cancer research has turned into a grassroots effort. Much of the financial capital needed to continue operations comes via various charity events. The Pink Ribbon Campaign, for example, is nationally recognized as a way to raise cash and awareness of the need for breast cancer research. Susan G. Komen is the architect of this, and numerous other events like it. The aim is non only to raise money but to educate as well. As such, the economic need for this particular health initiative is demonstrated. The financial and emotional cost of breast cancer is enormous. If it were not for Susan G. Komen Philadelphia, an already spartan issue would be further exacerbated. The number of breast cancer patients alone were this initiative not in force, would likely be increasing. Research would be stagnated with little hope in sight. Cancer i s a health concern that affects not just the individual, but also all of society. Most people personally know someone who has been touched by this illness. Economically, we cannot afford to sit on the sidelines. Individuals might not be qualified to avoid getting breast cancer, but this health initiative serves to educate women about the warning signs and the grandeur of getting diagnosed early. This alone makes Susan G. Komen Philadelphia an important part of Philadelphia society, and certainly an organization that is worthy of further funding and consideration. mankind healthinitiatives are designed to educate an uninformed populace.

Sex and sexuality a cultural taboo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sex and sexuality a cultural taboo - Essay Example(Bristow 2) Sex is the physical course of action of the process of discourse where as sexuality is how you feel, distinguish or experience it. Studies have shown that when individuals move from one culture to another, the meet of culture on the sexuality of fe masculines is much greater than that on males. Christensen and Carpenter, (as cited in McAnulty and Burnette, 2006) argue that recently much information is being accumulated on the subject of sex and how it differs across different cultures and this will increment the knowledge database on the subject which wasnt available in such a quantity in the past, the information provided by studies conducted on such matters gives proof that there is not much unevenness between the cross-cultural practices of men and women only if when comparing the two one can conclude that that women tend to be at variance a lot more across those cultural margins in comparison to the male individu als. The basic concept and understanding of sexuality cannot be altered in any manner no matter how much the society attempts to do so (Aggleton 188). The impact of sexual cultural practices on oecumenical health and the lives of its members People have varying cultural practices regarding sex and sexuality their beliefs and culture depend upon their religion, beliefs, affectionate customs and area in which they are living. Where their cultural practices offer benefits, they also pose high risks for the individuals undergoing them e.g. FGM is generally done in unhygienic conditions and also without anaesthesia, it is an extremely painful procedure and if things dont go well, it could result in infection, diseases, infertility or even death. Also it permanently deprives the child of sexual joyousness for without her genitalia she will never be able to enjoy her sexual life. It is a cultural norm for those people, and any little girl who is not circumcised loses her chance of ma rriage as it is considered disgraceful to marry a girl who is open. The topics of sex and sexuality are considered taboo topics in most cultures as well as religions. The youngsters when increment up and going through physical change have many questions regarding sex and sexuality but are unable to discuss them since it is an unmentionable topic they are inquisitive about their sexuality and how they perceive themselves in that manner but they end up keeping their queries and fears to themselves since they dont have the hazard to discuss. Female circumcision is a brutal practice and requires our attention to be curbed. The various cultural practices can be better explained as follows Male circumcision Circumcision is basically a small operation performed on the males penis to remove the skin covering the tip of his penis (Milos & Macris 1994). It was thought that young babies dont have their senses fully developed and are unable to feel pain which is why it was recommended that ci rcumcision be performed kind of on infants. But later it was discovered that infants are fully capable of experiencing pain and they can in truth well feel the excruciating pain inflicted upon them during the circumcision process (Northrup 2004). Circumcision has been practiced for

Global Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Global Marketing - Essay ExampleAccording to Hall (1977) in addition to wise to(p) nature of culture, anthropologists consider that all cultural aspects are interlinked and within a culture different groups deal out the same culture that distinguishes these groups as well. Therefore, change in nonpareil feature catchs the other aspects of the culture in either direct or indirect way (p.16).Contrary to common belief, culture is more than art, music or literature when it comes to marketing on global level. Its a major source of influence on activity in the marketplace. According to Keegan(2002) culture is defined as shipway of living by anthropologists and sociologists. These particular ways are formed by group of individuals and pass from one generation to another. These ways of living are inaction in form of social, educational, line of merchandise and religious institutions. Culture is not one time solution but a combination of conscious and unconscious set of ideas, beliefs, attitudes and symbols that form corporate human behavior (pp.94-5).Culture is a complex and intriguing component of international business environment. reserve knowledge of cultural dimensions plays a crucial role in product development, promotion, human resource management, business negotiations and management of socio-political environment. One of the major problems is the implicit nature of cultural features. Cultural variables prove to be hard for multinationals with insufficient homework as their managers fail to realize the variance that leads to serious blunders (Cherunilam, 2007, p.75).Cherunilam(2007) further explains that in shape to craft just the right strategies for potential customers in a certain culture, it is inevitable for marketers to understand their cultures. any(prenominal) products and services are accepted in one culture while others reject them. It is crucial to transform the products

Read Nancy Herthers Digital Natives and Immigrants Essay

Read Nancy Herthers Digital Natives and Immigrants - Essay ExampleA sad farm tried to carry through MySpace website because their daughter got sexually assaulted (Fleming, 2008). The US District Court Judge dismissed the claim by stating that it was her parents duty to protect their child not of MySpace. Fleming describes the whole process of how the online community works. She portrays it in such(prenominal) a light that there is repulsion felt by the reader even in processes exchangeable making friends, setting up an online profile or sharing or liking each early(a)s posts to spread the message. Flemings style is a little exploitative when she stresses too much on one side of the picture because online networks like YouTube, MySpace and Facebook are not only used to advertise the well-nigh personal thoughts across the world. Different online groups have grown on such platforms where people have bring out their old friends. They start many good things like projects, work grou ps and businesses together. However, Fleming needs to portray it in such an emotionally repulsive light because the crimes committed under ontogenesis of social media are so wicked that one needs to exploit the truth to make the point. Sometime persuasion requires little bit of exploitation to get the point

BIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY OF 3 INDEPENDENT FILM PRODUCERS

BIOGRAPHICAL OF 3 INDEPENDENT FILM PRODUCERS - Essay practice sessionHe was one of those famous personalities who dropped out the university due to poor grades This could be well judged by his saying,Mentoring affinity is considered as a main entity for famous personalities who make them get a competitive edge. Same with shield of film industry, every producer, director etc. needs a mentor. Allens mentor is Ingmar Bergman who is always on that point to offer him support, guidance and inspiration.Woody Allen was personally inspired by famous characters such as Charlie Chaplin, Fellini and Bergman. His just about of the movies were the result of his motivation gained through New York City and European cinema.His earlier profession started when he began paper scripts for the Ed Sullivan show, the tonight show and Caesars Hour. His c beer as a stand-up comedian started in 1960. Through his unique style of writing and acting he soon gain fame as a popular comedian on screen and stag e both (Woody Allen).His debut film as director released in 1966 Whats Up Tiger Lily? After that various movies directed by him intromit Take the money and run, followed by his hit movies Annie Hall, the purple rose of Cairo, Match Point and Hannah and her sisters. These romantic-comedies won honorary society awards. Later on, 1970s was the era of his personal movies which got extended to dark comedic suspense movies in 1990s.He managed secured backing through various financial support offered through BBC, his filming locations such as New York, linked Kingdom and by casting famous rich personalities in his movies like Frances first skirt Carla Bruni.Allens artistic philosophies had many roots. He always thought about how far we people know, perceive what we knew, sure enough of what we know and consider them knowing worthwhile He always highlighted the facts that people are afraid to share or expose to others. He also focused on the dark secrets of temper

Affirmative action policies and law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

approbatory exploit policies and rightfulness - Essay ExampleFor quite some sentence now,certain ethnic and minority groups behave been pushing for better rights when it comes to higher education,employment,and government contracts.This has resulted in preferential hiring,college admissions and the apportionment of government contracts when it comes to women and minority groups. It also applies to the awarding of other social benefits for these groups. The problem is that some people use up it to be reverse discrimination (Bardach, 2005 Holzer and Neumark, 2000 and Holzer and Neumark, 2006).The Civil Rights Act of 1964 started the whole push towards approving action. It was designed to unsex up for past discrimination of women and certain minority groups. In order to be considered in an affirmative action group, one or more of the following criteria must occur, which is considered different than the criteria that a regular employee would haveIn the 1978 ruling of the Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, significant limitations were fit(p) on affirmative action programs. Further limitations were placed on affirmative action programs in 1995s Adarand Constructors v. Pena and 1996s Texas v. Hopwood (Kane, 1998).1996 brought the most significant change in affirmative action programs up until this date. At that time, California voted in Proposition 209. This proposition refused to allow government agencies and related institutions from prominent preferential treatment to or discriminating against individuals ground on race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin. This did not dependable take place in California, as other states soon adopted similar rules. In Michigan, the united States Supreme Court ruled that race could not be the leading particularor in do such decisions as admission to the University of Michigan and its law school (Kane, 1998).When President Kennedy developed the Presidents Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity in 1961, the term affirmative action was first used. favorable action can be defined by the Report of the Citizens Commission on Civil Rights, circa 1984, as any measure that is interpreted on to prevent or compensate for discriminatory action that was taken in the past, as come up as to prevent it in the future. This goes beyond the simple doing away with a discriminatory practice (Kane, 1998 and Long, 2004).Affirmative action has been challenged over and over again, mainly occurring at the level of the state. The Supreme Court refused to interfere with the law passed with Proposition 209 in 1996, which bans state and local governments from hiring individuals or showing other types of preferential treatment based on the aforementioned factors in the preceding paragraphs (Kane, 1998 and Long, 2004).In 1997, former President Bill Clinton pushed for the mend it, dont end it measure. As far as racial matters, he began an Initiative on Race to encourage communication on racial issues .There argon many affirmative action resources available for the latest updates on the measures. These allow the following1. The Washington Post Affirmative Action Special Report2. American Association for Affirmative Action3. Americans Against Discrimination and Preferences4. Official Proposition 209 Site(Powell, 2009)Currently, anti-discrimination laws are reaching a new level. They are universe pushed so hard on a daily basis that many believe it has reached a point of reverse discrimination. (Powell, 2009)Discuss the nature of the affirmative action policies you describe above in the context of being antipoverty, antidiscrimination, and compensatory. Worsening circumstances for poor individuals has been at least partially blamed for affirmative action, many scholars agree. The fact is that, after the Current Population Survey and a

SWOT analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

SWOT analysis - brass Study ExampleThere are numerous opportunities in existence for the hotel and the new owners. New trends in the hospitality industry are emerging. While these are becoming popular the old ones do not get obsolete. The opportunity for the hotel here is to integrate new ideas into the original one of boutique hotel. The owners of the hotel should make utmost use of these available opportunities when it starts operating to capture the market before new entrants take over. Threats to this takeover stick to from several places around the business. With the hotel having been previously operational, the new owners need to be aware of existing competition aspiration already in existence. This rivalry comes from the hotels which have been competing with the Good for business at bottom the city. The other threat comes from within the company. The brand reputation which the hotel has created over the years comes as a threat if the company decides to discontinue the ap prehension of the hotel. This posses a great threat as all existing clients may leave if the concept of the hotel changes

Enforcement of entertainment laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Enforcement of recreation legalitys - Essay ExampleCompensation Agents earn a compensation for their services at between 5% and 15% of the artisan gross earnings from bookings, engagement, or employment secured by the means. The counselling given to the agent may vary depending on the type of work, length of time, popularity of the artist, and state laws. Some state laws stipulate that agents and endowment fund agencies must obtain licences before obtaining commissions, and may be charge a particular maximum amount. beforehand agents represent an artist, they baffle to sign contracts (Ronald, 2008). According to Harrison, (2007), attorneys usually assist the artists in handling any contractual negotiations on their behalf, to be certain that the terms of an agreement such as fees and duration are well-disposed to the artist. Talent agents can sometimes act as managers with no licence and experience, and may negotiate contracts such as recording, publishing, or merchandising contracts for the artist, is like practising law without a licence which can jeopardize the artists career. Contracts in the music pastime industry can involve extremely complex juristic issues such as a variety of rights, and usually have long term effects on the artists career. Conflict of interest may arise where an agent is being paid commission on the artists contract. This may make the agents focus on the advance money, at the set down of what they may assume as many details concerning the artists royalty calculations, publishing, creative control, production, merchandising, and opposite long term career issues of the artist. 2.3 Enforcement of enjoyment laws State laws, such as California and New York choose talent agents to obtain a licence as a form of the artist... This Music Industry direction (Entertainment Law Portfolio) essay outlines the main components of entertainment law. The participation of lawyers in the media has made the media law develop oft faster t hereby leading to the development of entertainment law. Entertainment law refers to a combination of mingled traditional laws that focus on the provision of legal services to the players in the entertainment industry. The entertainment law combines various slaws such as company law, contract law, and sales of goods law. It is also noteworthy that, artist well(p) setting in business, or fully established in the entertainment industry should consider having an entertainment lawyer in addition to having proper knowledge of their rights as an artist. The entertainment law firms all have different practices as most of the entertainment lawyers have varying areas of specialisation. It is therefore the onus of the artist to direct their needs be it litigation need (litigation attorneys) and or transactional needs (for the transactional attorneys). While the litigation attorney still specialise in defensive and offensive legal action, the transactional attorney s are responsible for fac ilitating entertainment deals, negotiations, strategic initiatives as wells as other contractual issues. It is also advisable for artist to trial contracts with entertainment law firms in order to enjoy complete legal coverage and legal representation. This should spend before and after legal issues arise because one entertainment lawyer may not let the perfect coverage.

Why states act through formal International Organizations Essay

Why states move through formal International Organizations - Essay ExampleThe paper tells that in the earlier centuries, humans allot out to new geographical territories for various purposes. These territories with the passage of time evolved into civilizations, kingdoms and eventually into states or countries. However, this evolution billet was non a smooth affair, as certain territories wanting to annex more territories and overly to pretermit others, indulged in wars and other aggressive good turnions. These aggressive actions led to major wars including two World Wars. On the convinced(p) side, from the last few centuries, especially from the second fractional of the 20th century, states have become more fine-tune and are acting in a more controlled manner. This happened and is happening due to various factors and one of the spot factors is the formation of formal International Organizations (IO) by the states themselves. States wanted to develop omnipresent overseeing organization or organizations, which rump handle a states interaction with other countries in sensitive issues, pre-empt any injurious actions carried out by one state against others, warn and act against states and their governments, when they act against their own people and also to manage social welfare issues like health, education, refugee issues, science, etc. This formation of IOs have actualized a positive environs end-to-end the world, with the countries acting with self-discipline, minimizing aggressive overtures, and at the same time indulging in welfare activities. However, this is not the scenario all the time, because certain countries without following the tenets of the IOs continue to act aggressively and unilaterally. Even amidst these dishonouring of the IOs, countries tend to obey and act through IOs for certain valid reasons. Historical Background The earliest precursor or the diachronic persona of the present day International Organizations is the Delian League. According to Zweifel (2006, pg.31) Delian League was get movinged around 4th century AD as an association among the Greek city-states, henpecked by Athens, with the main purpose of facilitating military cooperation against their common enemies. Although, other regional groupings were formed by the territories to oversee and manage the relations among themselves throughout the last few centuries, nothing materialized on a large geographical scale. One of the main reasons why that did not actualize is because of the absence of autonomous states all over the world particularly in Europe. The evolution of territories and kingdoms into states or modern-day nations did not start till 17th century, with the complete evolution taking place mainly in the second half of the 20th century. According to Archer (2007, pg.4) the key turning points for the formation of IOs were the Peace of Westphalia, 1648, which ended the Thirty age War and the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. Before that, t he concept of European unification based on Christianity dominated the political circles of various European territories. However, when that did happen, it facilitated the formation of sovereign state system in Europe, and later throughout the world. Thus evolved states also understood the need to actualize a natural law or entity that corporation guide and manage the relations between them, and in that direction created bilateral, trilateral and even quadrilateral agreements. However, those agreements among states and did not enlarge maximally. However in the next few centuries, nothing concrete evolved due to various historical reasons including conflicts among the various states, imperialism, etc, etc. Although, international cooperation in terms of collective action happened with the Concert of Europe (1815-1914), geneva Convention in 1864 and even Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) in 1889, it was not until after the First World War, that the act upon for the development of Inte rnational organizations got started. Because of the unprecedented suffering caused by the First World W

Why are human relationships potentially healing Essay

Why argon kind-hearted relationships potentially healing - Essay ExampleStudy of twain empirical and subjective theory of behavioral and psychological aspects has been undertaken along with its co-relations with neuroscience on human interactions. The practical importation of positive interpersonal relation across the various spheres of human interaction influencing and affecting mavins lifestyle is explained with germane(predicate) examples for understanding the basic principles. The paper explores and examines the various researches and the theories concerning the incontestable and affirmative healing effects of human relationships. Keywords corroborative Psychology, Interpersonal relation, Communication and human relations, kinship and family relations. Man is unpredictable by nature with instincts not spring in defined parameters. A person may react differently in different situations and sight depending on a lot of factors which are far more complex for the human mind to discern. consequently it has been rightly said that Human relationship is the most complex and complicated relation between individuals and groups. However, unmatchable cannot presume to do away with authentic research and surveys to understand the dynamism of human relations. In fact, the human relationship does have the healing capability that could not be cured and by any otherwise medicines. That is adept of the reasons why many people urge to go for therapy, counselling and consultation. One of the main results of our stiff paced mechanical life is loneliness. This is often the main cause of various social, cultural and psychological disorders today. Money be the driven force backed by the media hype increasing the demands for more better life and accompaniment we are compelled to become slaves of capitalization. The outcome is that we tend to loose our basic foundation. We have started neglecting our family-sometimes intentionally and often unconsciously. This hampers the slavery that we had. Expectations never become a reality and frustrations crop in. Man becomes lonely and gives in to quick, false escapes to recess of drugs, cigarettes and alcohol. There has been many scientific research and discussions assessing the harmful effects on human isolation leading to trauma and mental depressions which affects the physical health too. This is a cycle. Therefore in order escape from this one have to be back to ones own den and seek to beget and enkindle the human bonds. Man is a social being and the human spirit is the most social electric organ. (Cazolino, Louis, The Neuroscience of human relationships, 2006). Through several studies and research on human brain it became evident how the human brain reveal and change depending on the human interactions and relations. Positively, when the human reacts with positive elements it demonstrates a healing and healthy cultivation of the brain cells and membranes which in a way has the capacity to a meliorate and relieve the stress and strains of our lives. Negatively if scene for proper healthy human interaction and relationship development is not given the priority the ill-effects of such(prenominal) behaviours like autism, borderline cases, insomnia are inevitable. The break down of join family living may be one of the factors. Moreover, in recent times we find the breakdown in the institution of marriage itself. Recent national and survey has proved that a child born out of healthy parents having loving marital relationships are much healthier and meritorious than those who are born in single parent background. Therefore to be healthy and stay healthy one should not one look into ways of how to improve and develop ones relationship with individuals at various levels. Within ones family, one needs to grow and develop the feelings of love,

Regional Economic Cooperation Essay Example for Free

Regional economic Cooperation EssayOne of the most important developments in the world good deal system in the nineties has been the emergence of regional cooperation. The end of the Cold War reduced political tensions between countries in Asia as sanitary as ball-shapedizing harvestingion processes and increasing vertical integration. Cities similar Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, and Singapore have been lifting their populations out of pauperization in part through cooperative arrangements with neighboring countries. Transnational economic zones have utilized the different endowments of the various countries of East Asia, endeavouring cooperative administer and development opportunities. Transfer of technology and manufacturing between nations has allowed them to develop sequentially. info technology has improved linkages between economies and put remote regions in contact with the world. The private ara provides large(p) for enthronization the public sector provides inf rastructure, fiscal incentives, and the administrative framework to attract industry. Regional cooperation is at present considered the room of enhancing economic development and providing economic security within the regions.Trade among ASEAN members accounted for more than 23% of all trade by member nations in 1994, topping that of any of the groups major trading partners. Singapore has concentrated on becoming the technology center for Southeast Asia, sending labor-intensive operations to low- appeal neighboring countries like Malaysia and Indonesia in special mutual cooperative trade and development arrangements known as ripening triangles or growth polygonal shapes. The Southern Growth Triangle, also known as SIJORI (Singapore, the Johore state of Malaysia, and Riau duty of Indonesia), was formed in 1989 and covers a population of about 6 million people.It attracted $10 billion in private sector investments during its first five years. Such regional economic cooperation has occurred in separate Asiatic regions as well, spurring economic development. Growth triangles are expected to be a continued driving force for growth in Asian economies throughout the 1990s. Four growth triangles have been established since 1989, involving parts of 11 countries. at that place are currently eight growth polygons in East and Southeast Asia, with additional triangles being planned.For example, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and chinawares Yunnan Province have been discussing ways to develop the Mekong area since 1992. Regional cooperation provides a competitive model to attract investment and technology. According to the secretary general of ASEAN, Ajit Singh, These growth areas testament have to be flexible to change where necessary, innovative, and invariably attentive to the needs of the investors and the businessmen. They also have to be aware that they are competing with much larger countries such(prenominal) as mainland mainland China and Ind ia, whose capacities for attracting investors are much greater than their own (Kruger 1996, 17).Asian capital markets are now watching the global economy, and large companies recognize their need to be involved in this fastest ripening region in the world. The growth triangles typically group remote regions of the nations involved in an effort to exploit complementary assets within the groupings. For example, the Tumen Delta triangle integrates the capital and technology of Japan and the Republic of Korea with the natural resources of Russia and North Korea (i. e. , the Peoples egalitarian Republic of Korea) and the labor and agricultural resources of China.The governments of Brunei, East and West Kalimantan, and North Sulawesi of Indonesia Sabah, Sarawak, and Labuan in Malaysia and Mindanao and Palawan in the Philippines have given up priority to expanding air and shipping routes within the East ASEAN Growth Area, another polygon. Where all parts of the polygon are at similar le vels of development, growth is expected to be slower. Singapore has provided capital and technology for developments in Malaysia to support SIJORI. Thailand is expected to provide capital and experience in developing the Mekong polygon.It will encompass a population of over 400 million people offering low wages, rents, and land costs. The Southern China Growth Triangle The Southern China Growth area comprises Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the southern provinces of China (Thant et al. 1994). Because China lags cigarette Taiwan and Hong Kong considerably in economic development and has a very large population, growth in this triangle has enormous potential. Establishment of this triangle was spurred by market forces and private sector initiatives rather than by indemnity coordination among the countries. However, government policies have supported the economic links that were instituted.The PRCs economic reforms and open door policy initiated in 1978 laid the foundation for economic succes s in Guangdong and Fujian provinces. Establishment of Chinas first Special economic Zone (SEZ) in 1980 provided for tax concessions, expanded land use rights, and simplified procedures for foreign investment. Policies for land use, finance, and trade were designed to reduce transaction costs and to provide greater access to the domestic as well as the world market. Policies formulated within the SEZs themselves have been even more liberal than those in other parts of the triangle.For China, the triangle has provided exports, foreign exchange, and employment as well as access to the larger global economy. Rapid economic growth and higher incomes have occurred in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces with materials and components from Taiwans manufacturing sectors and the support of Hong Kongs advanced services sector. geographical proximity and common language are the most compelling factors for capital to move across the fence in from Hong Kong into Guangdong Province, or for investment to flow across the Formosa Strait from Taiwan to Fujian Province.Cantonese is a Chinese dialect verbalise in both Hong Kong and Guangdong, while Fujianese is spoken in both Taiwan and Fujian. For Hong Kong and Taipei, the triangle has provided a heart of implementing structural changes in manufacturing and export patterns at minimal cost. In spite of recent political bear on the part of China, economic planners in Hong Kong and Taiwan are optimistic that economic logic will continue to drive regional integration. Low-Cost Sourcing As Japanese and U. S firms seek to reduce the cost of their latest innovations, they are outsourcing production to inexpensive contract manufacturers.China has a growing number of low-cost parts and components suppliers. With a minimum of overhead and a large pool of low-cost labor in China, there is a growing list of high-quality vendors in China. The continuing miniaturization of products has lead to joint ventures with companies from Japan, the joi ned States, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and other Asian countries. The success of these firms is dependent upon providing competitive value in a timely manner. low-priced board assembly operations in China utilize the latest SMT equipment required by unfermented computer and telecommunications products.Capital intensity will increase as IC packaging and SMT assembly operations are installed. In the 1980s, Korea and Taiwan provided the first step in the cost reduction chain by providing the most advanced process capabilities. Singapore and Malaysia became additional sources for contract manufacturing with the establishment of global vendors like SCI and Solectron. Today, and cost reduction is possible by moving production to lower cost regions like China and the Philippines. Wongs Electronics in Hong Kong provides a three-step process for cost reduction that includes low-cost labor, low-cost sourcing, and low-cost production designs.Hong Kong, Thailand, Malaysia, and China are considered t he home of lowest-cost manufacturing competitors in the electronics industry today. They offer limited component technology or product design skills, but provide many low-cost suppliers of generic, low-technology components. Since low-cost manufacturing countries generally lack the technologies required to stupefy industry leaders, they must follow the technology trends as quickly as possible. OEM competitors from Taiwan and Singapore are being forced to open branch plants in China or other Southeast Asian countries to produce the most labor-intensive, cost-driven products.

Linguistics and Interjections Essay Example for Free

linguistics and Interjections EssayIn Hesperian philosophy and linguistic theory, interventionsthat is, words identical oof, ouch, and bleah substantiate traditionally been understood to indicate feelingal relegates. This oblige offers an account state custodyt of interjections in Qeqchi Maya that illuminates their social and wandering(a) influences. In extra, it establishes the grammatical produce of interjections, both in Qeqchi and crosswise spoken languages, and characterizes the superpowerical ends and pragmatic functions of interjections in Qeqchi in hurt of a semiotic framework that may be generalized for oppositewise languages. With these grammatical forms, listical determinations, and pragmatic functions in hand, it details the various social and winding ends that interjections serve in nonp atomic number 18il Qeqchi community, thereby shedding light on local values, norms, ontological classes, and social relations. In short, this clause argues a gainst interpretations of interjections that focus on native emotional states by providing an account of their meanings in damage of situational, discursive, and social circumstance.p a u l k o c k e l m a n is McKennan Post-Doctoral Fellow in Linguistic Anthropology in the Department of Anthropology at Dartm disc everywhereh College (Han all over, N. H. 03755, U. S. A. paul. emailprotected edu). Born in 1970, he was educated at the University of California, Santa Cruz (B. A. , 1992) and the University of bread (M. S. , 1994 Ph. D. , 2002).His publications include The Collection of Copal among the Qeqchi-Maya (Research in sparing Anthropology 2016394), Factive and Counterfactive Clitics in Qeqchi-Maya Stance, Status, and Subjectivity, in Papers from the Thirty-eighth Annual Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society (Chicago Linguistics Society, in press), and The Interclausal Relations Hierarchy in Qeqchi Maya (International Journal of Ameri send away Linguistics 6925 48). The reconcile paper was submitted 1 vi 01 and accepted 27 xii 02.1. A longish version of this article was presented at the workshop Semiotics Culture in Context at the University of Chicago in January 2001. Chris Ball, Anya Bernstein, John Lucy, and Michael Silverstein all deliverd very helpful commentary. This article excessively greatly bene? ted from suggestions made by Benjamin S. Orlove and several anonymous referees. Western philosophy and linguistic theory have traditionally considered interjections at the periphery of language and primordially thinkd to emotion.For example, the Latin grammarian Priscian de? ned interjections as a part of speech houseifying an emotion by center of an unformed word (Padley 1976266). Muller (1862) ? thought that interjections were at the limit of what might be phoneed language. Sapir (192167) said that they were the ne argonst of all language sounds to instinctive utterance. Bloom? eld (19841933177) said that they draw under a vi olent stimulus, and Jakobson (1960 354) considered them exemplars of the purely emotive stratum of language. While interjections be no yearlong considered peripheral to linguistics and are now carefully de? ned with respect to their grammatical form, their meanings remain vague and elusive. In particular, although interjections are no longer characterized purely in legal injury of emotion, they are still characterized in terms of intellectual states. For example, Wierzbicka (1992164) characterizes interjections as referring to the speaker units current mental state or mental act. Ameka (1992a107) says that from a pragmatic point of view, interjections may be de?ned as a subset of items that encode speaker attitudes and communicative intentions and are considerationbound, and Montes (19991289) nones that some(prenominal) interjections focus on the internal reaction of affectedness of the speaker with respect to the referent. Philosophers have offered similar interpretations. For example, herder thought that interjections were the human equivalent of animal sounds, being both a language of feeling and a law of nature (196688), and Rousseau, pursuing the origins of language, theorized that protolanguage was ideally interjectional (199071).Indeed, much(prenominal) philosophers have posited a historic transition from interjections to language in which the latter allows us not unaccompanied to index pain and express passion scarcely also to denote values and exercise reason (DAtri 1995). 2 Thus interjections have been understood as a semiotic artifact of our natural origins and the nigh transparent index of our emotions. Such an understanding of interjections is late rooted in Western thought. Aristotle (1984), for example, posited a contrastive blood betwixt voice, proper only to universe as instantiated in language, and sound, shared by humans and animals as instantiated in cries.This contrastive relation was thence compared with other analog ous contrastive relations, in particular, value and pleasure/pain, polis and rest homehold, and bios (the good flavor, or political life proper to humans) and zoe (pure life, shared by all living things). Such a contrast is so permeant that modern philosophers such as Agamben (1995) have devoted much of their scholarly work to the thinking out of this tradition and others built on it such as id versus ego in the Freudian paradigm. In short, the kinfolk distinction made amid interjections and language 2.DAtri (1995124) argues that, for Rousseau, interjections . . . are sounds and not voices they are passive registerings and as such do not presuppose the intervention of allow, which is what characterizes human acts of speech. 467 468 F c u r r e n t a n t h ro p o l o g y Volume 44, turn 4, AugustOctober 2003 proper maps onto a big set of distinctions in Western thought emotion and cognition, animality and humanity, nature and culture, female and male, passion and reason, cru de(a) life and the good life, pain and value, private and public, and so on (see, e.g. , Lutz 1988, Strathern 1988).In this article I subjugate such abstracting and dichotomizing traps by going straight to the heart of interjections their everyday habit in actual intercourse when seen in the context of local culture and grounded in a semiotic framework. I lead off by characterizing the linguistic and ethnographic context in which I carried out my research and go on to relate interjections to other linguistic forms, showing how they are both similar to and distinct from other classes of words in natural languages.Next I provide and exemplify a semiotic framework, generalizable crossways languages, in terms of which the indexical objects and pragmatic functions of interjections can best be characterized. Then I detail the local customs duty of the 12 most commonly utilize interjections in Qeqchi and show the way in which they are trussed into all things cultural values, norms , ontological classes, social relations, and so on. I conclude by discussing the relative absolute frequency with which the various forms and functions of interjections are apply.In short, I argue against interpretations of interjections that focus on emotional states by providing an account of their meanings in terms of situational, discursive, and social context. Linguistic and Ethnographic Context While I am attempting to provide as wide a theoretical account of interjections as I can, thereby providing a metalanguage for harangue about similar pledge phenomena in other languages, I am also trying to conquer the grammatical niceties of Qeqchi Maya and the discursive and social particularities of one Qeqchi-speaking closure in particular.Before I begin my analysis, then, I want to sketch the linguistic and ethnographic context in which I worked. Qeqchi is a language in the Kichean branch of the Mayan family, spoken by some 360,000 speakers in Guatemala (in the departments of Alta Verapaz, Izabel, and Peten) and Belize (Kaufman 1974, Stewarfaret 1980). 3 Lin? guistically, Qeqchi is relatively well described scholars such as Berinstein (1985), Sedat (1955), Stewart (1980), Stoll (1896), and Chen Cao et al.(1997) have discussed its syntax, morphology, phonology, and lexicon, and I have detailed various morphosyntactic forms (encoding grammatical categories such as mood, status, evidentiality, taxis, and inalienable possession) as they intersect with sociocultural values and contextual features and as they illuminate local modes of personhood (Kockelman 3. Typologically, Qeqchi is a morphologically ergative, head-marking language. In Qeqchi, vowel length (signaled by doubling letters) is phonemic /k/ and /q/ are velar and uvular plosives, respectively, and /x/ and /j/ are palato-alveolar and velar fricatives, respectively.All other phonemes have their standard IPA values. 2002, 2003a, b). This article is therefore part of a larger meet in which I examine how intentional and evaluative stances are encoded in natural languages and the relations that such stances bear to local modes of subjectivity.Alta Verapaz, the original c memorialise of the Qeqchi-speaking muckle who still make up the absolute majority of its population, has had a unusual hi apologue even by Guatemalan standards. In 1537, after the Spanish crown had failed to conquer the indigenous peoples living there, the Dominican Friar Bartolome de Las Casas was permitted to ? patch up the area through religious methods.Having succeeded, he changed the name of the area from Tezulutlan (Land of War) to Verapaz (True Peace), and the Dominicans were granted full control over the areathe state banning secular immigration, removing all military colonies, and nullifying front land grants. In this way, for intimately 300 geezerhood the area remained an isolated enclave, relatively protected by the paternalism of the church in simile with other parts of Guatemala (King 1974, S apper 1985).This ended abruptly in the late 1800s, however, with the advent of coffee growing, liberal reforms, and the in? ux of Europeans (Cambranes 1985, Wagner 1996). Divested of their land and forced to work on coffee plantations, the Qeqchi began migrating north into the unpopulated lowland forests of the Peten ? and Belize (Adams 1965, Carter 1969, Howard 1975, Kockelman 1999, Pedroni 1991, Saa Vidal 1979, Schwartz 1990, Wilk 1991). In the past 40 years this migration has been fueled by a civil war that has ravaged the Guatemalan countryside, with the Qeqchi ?eeing not just scarce resources and labor quotas only also their own nations soldiers much forcibly conscripted speakers of other Mayan languages (Carmack 1988, IWGIA 1978, Wilson 1995). As a consequence, the past century has seen the Qeqchi population spread from Alta Verapaz to the Peten and ? nally to Belize, Mexico, and even the ? United States. Indeed, although only the fourth largest of some 24 Mayan languages, Q eqchi is thought to have the largest percentage of monolinguals, and the ethnic group is Guatemalas fastest-growing and most geographically extensive (Kaufman 1974, Stewart 1980).The devil key ethnographies of Qeqchi-speakers have been written by Wilk (1991) and Wilson (1995), the former treating household bionomics in Belize and the latter upheavals in village life and identity at the height of the civil war in highland Guatemala during the 1980s. In addition to these monographs, there are also a number of dissertations and articles on the history (King 1974, Sapper 1985, Wagner 1996), ecology (Carter 1969, Secaira 1992, Wilson 1972), and migration (Adams 1965, Howard 1975, Pedroni 1991) of Qeqchi-speakingpeople.The data for this article are based on almost dickens years of ethnographic and linguistic ? eldwork among speakers of Qeqchi, most of it in Chinahab, a village of some 80 families (around 650 people) in the municipality of San Juan Chamelco, in the department of Alta Ver apaz. At an altitude of approximately 2,400 m, Chinahab is one of the highest villages in this area, with an annual precipitation of more than 2,000 mm.It is also one of k o c k e l m a n The Meanings of Interjections in Qeqchi Maya F 469the most remote, access to the closest road requiring a three-hour hike down a steep and muddy single-track trail. Its relatively high altitude and remote location provide the perfect scope for cloud forest, and such a cloud forest provides the perfect setting for the resplendent quetzal, being star sign to what is thought to be the highest density of such birds in the world.Because of the existence of the quetzal and the cloud forest in which it makes its home, Chinahab has been the site of a successful eco-tourism project the conditions and consequences of which are detailed in my dissertation (Kockelman 2002).While the majority of villagers in Chinahab are monolingual speakers of Qeqchi, some men who have served time in the army or worked as it inerant traders speak some Spanish. All the villagers are Catholic. Chinahab is divided by a visual modality peak with dwellings on both of its sides and in the surrounding valleys. It takes about 45 minutes to hike across the village. At one end there is a biological station kept by the eco-tourism project and use sporadically by European ecologists, and at the other there is a Catholic church and a cemetery.In the center there is a small store, a school for primary and subsidiary grades, and a soccer ? eld. The surrounding landscape is cloud forest giving way to scattered house sites, agricultural parcels, pasture, and ? elds now fallow. All villagers engage in corn-based, or milpa, agriculture, but very few have enough land to ful? ll all of their subsistence needs. 4 For this reason, m each women in the village are dedicated to volaille husbandry, most men in the village engage in seasonal labor on plantations (up to ?ve months a year in some nerves), and many families engag e in itinerant trade (women weaving baskets and textiles for the men to sell) and eco-tourism (the women hosting tourists and the men guiding them).Dwelling sites often contain a scattering of houses in which reside an aged couple and their married sons, all of whom share a water source and a pasture. The individual families themselves often have two houses, a relatively traditional thatched-roof house in which the family cooks and sleeps and a relatively brisk house with a tin roof in which they host festivals and in which older children and ecotourists may sleep.Because of eco-tourism and the in? ux of money and strangers that it brings, there has been an increase in the construction of such tin-roofed houses, and, as will be seen, many of my examples of interjections come from such construction contexts. My data on the use of interjections among villagers in Chinahab comes from 14 months of ? eldwork carried out between 1998 and 2001. The data collection con4. Before 1968, what is now Chinahab was owned by the owner of a plantation.Qeqchi-speakers who lived in the village of Popobaj (located to the south of and lower than Chinahab) were permitted to make their milpa in this area in exchange for two weeks of labor per month on the ? nca (Secaira 199220). Only in 1968, when a group of villagers got together to form a land learnedness committee, were some 15 caballer? as (678 ha) of land purchased from the owner ? for 4,200 quetzals (US$4,200).This land, objet dart legally owned by the entire community, was divided among the original 33 villagers as a function of their original contributions.sisted in part of characterizing tokens of manipulation when I heard them and in part of tracking tokens of usage through recordings of naturally occurring conversations.5 In particular, given the fact that many interjections occur in relatively nonconversational, task-engaged situations (house building, planting, playing, cooking, etc. ), trying to record them in such contexts was futile. Luckily, as will be seen, they often occur in modes of disruption (when some purposeful action goes awry), which makes them relatively tripping to notice in real-time context and their contextual regularities relatively easy to stipulate.In addition, I tape-recorded naturally occurring conversations in the households of three families once a week over several months, usually at dinnertime. 6 After I describe the forms and meanings of the interjections I will discuss the relative frequency of the various tokens collected and thereby illuminate which forms and meanings are most often used by whom. The Grammatical Form of Interjections There are four criteria by which interjections may be distinguish from other linguistic forms within a particular language and generalized as a form class across languages (Ameka 1992, Bloom?eld 19841933, Jespersen 1965, Wilkins 1992).First, all interjections are conventional lexical forms, or words, that can constitute utterances on their own (Wilkins 1992). They are conventional in that their sign carriers have relatively alike(p) and supreme phonological forms, and they can constitute utterances on their own because their only syntagmatic relation with other linguistic forms is parataxisin which two forms are united by the use of only one condemn pitch (Bloom? eld 19841933171).They can therefore stand alone as perfectly sensible stretches of lambaste ahead and after which there is silence. Second, with few exceptions, no interjection is simultaneously a member of another(prenominal) word class (Ameka 1992a, Wilkins 1992). Almost all of them are what Ameka (1992a105), following Bloom? eld (19841933), calls primary interjections picayune words or non-words which . . . can constitute an utterance by themselves and do not practicely enter into constructions with other word classes. In Qeqchi, the main exceptions are interjections built, through lexical extension, from the primary interjection ay.In th e case of ay dios, the additional 5. I also include several examples of interjection usage that occurred in the context of ethnographic interviews about topics other than interjections, for these often indicated that an ethnographic question was poorly posed or out or keeping(p) in the local context. I also carried out extensive interviews about the meanings of interjections with native speakers (see Kockelman 2002 for an extended raillery of the relationship between form, usage, and speakers re? ections).6.Indeed, the best two accounts of interjection-like things rejoinder cries in Goffman (1978) and emblematic gestures in Sherzer (1993)explicitly take into account social interaction and ethnographic description. Good accounts of the discursive use of interjections are offered by De Bruyn (1998), Ehlich (1986), Gardner (1998), and Meng and Schrabback (1999). 470 F c u r r e n t a n t h ro p o l o g y Volume 44, Number 4, AugustOctober 2003 element, dios, is a bring noun from Spa nish, meaning god. In the case of ay dios atinyuwa, besides the Spanish loanword there is a Qeqchi expression, at-in-yuwa (you are my father).Interjections of this latter kind, which are or involve forms that belong to other word classes, will be called secondary interjections (again following Ameka and Bloom? eld). Similarly, the English secondary interjections damn and heavens may be used as both interjections and verbs or nouns. Third, with few exceptions, an interjection consists of a single morpheme and undergoes neither in? ectional nor ancestryal processes (Wilkins 1992). Interjections cannot be in? ectionally marked for grammatical categories such as tense or number, and they cannot be move on derived into another form class such as noun or verb.Such forms are often classi? ed as a subclass of particles or discourse markers (see Ameka 1992a, Fraser 1999, Jespersen 1965, Schiffrin 1987, Wilkins 1992, and Zwicky 1985). In Qeqchi there are three exceptions to this characteri zation. First, uyaluy is what I will call a reduplicative interjection, being composed, through syllabic reduplication, from the interjection uy. Second, ay dios and ay dios atinyuwa are what I will call extended interjections, being composed, through lexical extension, from the interjection ay.And lastly, the interjection ay may undergo further derivation into a delocutionary verb (becoming ayaynak, to cry or yell continually, often said of dogs howling), which may then undergo normal verbal in? ection for grammatical categories such as tense, aspect, person, and number. Lastly, although it is not a criterial feature, many of these forms are phonologically or morphologically anomalous, having features which mark them as odd or unique relative to the standard lexical forms of a language.For example, unlike most Qeqchi words, in which stress falls on the last syllable (Stewart 1980), the interjection uyaluy has syllable-initial stress. Similarly, while reduplication is a common morph ological process in Qeqchi (Stewart 1980), the reduplicative interjection uyaluy is derived through a nonstandard morphological form. While many Qeqchi words involve a glottalized alveolar stop, the interjection t is also implosive.7 Whereas the Spanish loanword dios is usually phonetically assimilated in Qeqchi as tiox when used as a noun, in the interjection ay dios there is no devoicing of the initial consonant of this noun (i.e. , /d/ does not become /t/) or palatization of its ? nal consonant (i. e. , /s/ does not become /x/). And the interjection sht differs from ordinary Qeqchi words in using /sh/, rather than a vowel, as a syllabic (see Bloom? eld 19841933121).In short, it is lead from the number of quali? cations that interjections, like most linguistic forms, are dif? cult to characterize with necessary and suf? cient conditions (see Taylor 1995, Zwicky 1985). Nevertheless, they may simultaneously be differentiated from other form classes within a particular language and generalized as a form class across languages.7. Often called a dental click (Wilkins 1992) or a suction stop (Jespersen 196590). Readers who speak some Spanish may have noticed that many Qeqchi interjections looking similar to Spanish interjectionsay (dios), uy, ah, eh, shtand even to English interjections (sht and t). While I have no historical data that would attest to such a claim, given the history of sustained linguistic contact between speakers of Spanish and Qeqchi via the colonial encounter and between speakers of Spanish and English this should come as no surprise.The one good account of interjections in Spanish (Montes 1999) discusses only a small range of the discursive functions of interjections and focuses on the internal state of the speaker. As I will show, however, the meanings of some of these interjections in Qeqchi seem to bear a resemblance to their meanings in Spanish, as far as can be discerned from the comparative data. In this way, these loan interjections s how that almost any linguistic form may be borrowed (see Brody 1995) with some maintenance of its meaning.The Meanings of Qeqchi InterjectionsAlthough interjections are relatively easy to characterize from the standpoint of grammatical form, there is no framework in terms of which one may order and compare their meaningsthat is, the classes of objects and signs that they index (and thereby stand in a relationship of contiguity with) and the types of pragmatic functions they serve (and thereby may be used as a means to achieve). In what follows, I frame their use in terms of situational, discursive, and social context. I will begin with an extended example through which the framework will become clear.The Qeqchi interjection chix indexes loathsome objects in the situational context. For example, when take up his bowl of food from the ground, a man notices that he has set it in chicken feces. Chix, he says, scraping the bowl on the dirt to wipe off the feces. His wife, herself respo nsible for the chicken, then takes his bowl for herself and gives him a new one. Similarly, when opening the door to her house early one morning, a woman notices that the dog has vomited regenerate outside the doorway. Chix, she says, and her ? ve-year-old son comes over to look.She tells him to scrape it away with a machete. Like most interjections that have indexical objects in the situational context, this interjection serves to call anothers attention to the object. 8 Relatedly, and as a function of responsibility assessment (husband 1 wife 1 child), it directs anothers attention to what must be cleaned up, avoided, etc. The interjection chix may also be transposed to index a sign denoting or characterizing a loathsome object (see Buhler 1990). In such cases of sign-based transposition, ? the interjection is in a relationship of contiguity with a 8.Montes (19991293) notes that most of the Spanish interjections she examined seem to be associated with seeing. We ? nd that a large number of the interjections ah, oh, uh, ay, oy, uy used in the conversations examined co-occur with directives to see or look at or as a response to these directives. k o c k e l m a n The Meanings of Interjections in Qeqchi Maya F 471 sign that denotes or characterizes the object or event in question (rather than being in contiguity with the actual object or event, as in the usage of chix just discussed).In other words, it is as if the speaker were inhabiting the frame of the narrated event (Buhler 1990). In this way, ? the interjection chix indexes not just loathsomeness but also signs that refer to or predicate qualities of loathsome objects. Insofar as the denotatum of such a sign has the same qualities and values as the object itself, the modality of contiguity (being able to taste, touch, see, or smell the object in question) is suspended while the ontological class of the object (loathsomeness) is maintained.For example, in telling a story to a group ofmen about a friend wh o was bitten by a poisonous roamer while working on a plantation in the lowland area of Guatemala, the speaker describes the sanies blisters that rose up on his friends arm. Chix, says one of the men listening.The other men laugh, and before continuing his story the speaker adds that the pus blisters took two weeks to heal. Like most interjections that undergo signbased transposition, such usage often serves as a backchannel cue, indicating that the speaker is listening but cannot or does not want to wreak to the topic at hand (Brown and Yule 19839094 Duncan 1973 compare the usage of mmm or jeez in English).Lastly, the interjection chix may be transposed to index an addressees relation of contiguity with a loathsome object. In such cases of addressee-based transposition, the situational indexical object is transposed to a person other than the speaker. The speakers sign is audible (a relation of contiguity) to the addressee, who is in a relationship of contiguity with the object. In other words, it is as if the speaker were inhabiting the ad? dressees current corporal?eld (see Buhler 1990, Hanks 1990), and, again, the modality of contiguity is suspended while the ontological class is maintained.For example, a mother watching her three-year-old son approach a dog that is defecating wormy tummy calls out to him Chix. The child stops his advance and watches from a distance. In this most addressee-focused way, the sign is used by a parent to index that a child is within reach (typically tactile) of a disgusting object and serves as an imperative not to touch the object.Interjections are primarily indexical (see Peirce 1955) in that they stand for their objects by a relationship of contiguity rather than by a relationship of convention (as in the case of symbols) or similarity (as in the case of icons). 9 Although the indexical modality of interjections is emphasized in this article, the exemplary modality is always present in at least two interrelated ways. First, and trivially, the interjection itself has a standard9. If interjections were iconic, then they would be expected to resemble their objects.The problem with this, as exempli?ed by Kryk-Kastovskys (1997) argument that interjections are the most iconic of all linguistic elements expressing surprise, is that one needs to know what surprise looks like when usually our only indication of surprise is the interjection or behavior itself. However, interjections as indexical of situational and discursive objects do in certain(p) cases have iconic modalities of meaning (see, e. g. , the discussion of ay, ay dios, and ay dios atinyuwa below). ized but relatively arbitrary form that is conventionally used by members of a given linguistic community.Second, interjections conventionally stand in a relation of contiguity with particular classes of objects. These conventional classes of indexical objects are present in two ways. First, across interjections, one may characterize what semiotic class of objects is being indexed. Second, in the case of any particular interjection, one may characterize what ontological class of objects is being indexed. Besides indexing objects or signs in the immediate context, interjections have pragmatic functions they serve as a means to achieve certain ends.For example, chix variously serves as an attentative (when nontransposed), a back-channel cue (when undergoing sign-based transposition), and an imperative (when undergoing addressee-based transposition). Both the objects indexed and the pragmatic functions served (see Silverstein 1987) are full aspects of the meanings of interjections. Finally, interjections may index more than one object at once. In particular, they may index objects, signs, internal states, and social relations. In what follows, I will refer to these distinct types of indexical objects as situational, discursive, expressive, and social, respectively.Situational indexical objects are the objects or events in the immediate context of the speech event. Discursive indexical objects are the signs that occur in the speech event. 10 Together, situational and discursive indexical objects are the most stable co-occurrence regularities that interjections possess and therefore the only ones that are easy to tabulate. Expressive indexical objects are the intentional stances of the speakerthe putative mental states, whether construed as cognitive or emotive.11 Lastly, social indexical objects are the various social roles dwell by the speaker or addressee (gender, ethnicity, age, etc. ) or the social relations that exist between the two (status, deference, politeness, etc. ). For example, chix may index not only a loathsome object in the situational context but a social relation (parentchild, husband-wife, raconteurappreciative listener) and, in many cases, an internal state (disgust). And the interjection ay not only indexes a painful object in the situational context or an unexpected answer in the di s10.This is not quite the standard distinction between text and context (Montes 1999 and Wilkins 1992). For example, while it is tempting to put sign-based transposition into the discursive context for the purposes of schematizing the data, sign-based transpositions make hotshot only in terms of the qualities of the objects referred to by the sign indexed by the interjection. In contrast, an unsolicited response such as a dubitive is directed at the truth of anothers assertion rather than at any particular quality of the state of affairs predicated by that assertion.For this reason, dubitives belong to the discursive context and sign-based transpositions to the situational context. 11. Whereas interjections creatively index expressive indexical objects in that the interjection is often the only sign of the internal state in question, they presupposedly index situational and discursive indexical objects in that both interjection and indexical object are simultaneously present in con text (see Silverstein 1976 for this distinction).This difference in semiotic status (presupposing/creative) maps onto a putative difference in ontological status (world/mind). 472 F c u r r e n t a n t h ro p o l o g y Volume 44, Number 4, AugustOctober 2003 cursive context but also an internal state (pain) in the expressive context and a role in the social context (in particular, female gender). Many interjections index signs in the discursive context in that they co-occur with (or serve as) a response to an addressees previous utterance or a nonresponse.In the case of a response, the use of an interjection occurs after and makes sense only relative to the addressees previous utterance. For example, the interjection ih indexes an addressees previous statement and serves as a registerative, indicating that the speaker has heard and understood the statement. In the case of a nonresponse, the interjection may either call forth an addressees utterance (and thereby occur before it) or occur in the midst of the speaker.

International Human Resource Management in Japanese Firms Essay Example for Free

planetary Human Resource Management in japanese Firms EssayDuring the 1980s, commentators and researchers of al close to every stripe witnessed what was eer seen as a miracle the juggernaut Nipponese economy. It seemed a perfect system, with all cylinders-from the political coordination of the economy finished industrial structure and interfirm interactions to human resources management practices and cooperative relationships on the shop floorclicking at high, flawless speed.In the learning ability of the time, one question quickly followed How could the American economic system, with all its contrasting warts and imperfections, hope to contest against this titan? Now, little more than a decade later, that sighting of a miracle has been downgraded rather substantially. In the delivery of a Fortune analyst (Powell, 2002), Being compared to Japan these days, economically speaking, is about as low as it gets (p. 91). The reasons for this decline are varied but include many o f the same factors that supposedly accounted for its ascendance.Now, Keeley pulls back the furnish even more, exposing a system seemingly trapped in neutral. Keeley, a Westerner fluent in Nipponese and professor in international management at Sangyo University in Japan, is well positioned to reveal the privileged meetings of the Japanese corporation, particularly its international human resources management (IHRM) practices, without the infatuation that marked many of the earliest reports. The inescapable conclusion from this volume These practices create almost insurmountable agonistic disadvantages.In addition, Keeley provides a plenteous expect at the tenets of Japanese floriculture, the management and personnel practices tied to that culture, and the resulting business practices and organizational dynamics that modify the modern Japanese corporation. In the process, he also offers up a compelling argument for diversity, not simply as an affirmative action accounting of staffing, but rather as a mindset of inclusion and involvement. For all those who read about the Japanese miracle of the 1980s, this book is an important corrective and should go on your reading list.It can also be recommended to anyone interested in the cross-cultural application or transmit of management or human resources practices, or organizational behavior in a global environment. Keeley launches his digest with the observation that the greatest challenge Japanese companies face in expanding their impertinent direct investment is how to commix host country national (HCN) passenger vehicles into the management process of their oversees subsidiaries as well as that of the parent companies themselves (p. ). The reasons wherefore such integration is important are clear and simple competitive advantage in a global economy requires that a multinational company (MNC) be able to tap the talents of local HCN managers to do this, the MNC must be able attract, retain, and develop talented HCN managers. Absent this, the MNC will forfeit local expertise as well as violate host country antidiscrimination laws, something for which Japanese MNCs have a trusted notoriety.More specifically, Keeley argues, the IHRM practices of Japanese MNCs are their Achilles heel, and this is due to the fact that the Japanese system of management is so culture dependent that it is difficult to incorporate nonJapanese into the system, making internationalization of their organizations problematic. (p. 9) This theme is examined more fully in Chapter 2, expression at the issues of cross-culture management and the importance of national culture on organizational dynamics. For example, using Hofstedes (1991) national cultures variables, it is the work group-not the individual-that is the foundation of the Japanese organization.Japanese management techniques, such as lifetime employment, consensual decision making, and reward group members equally, are built upon the group. In Cha pter 3, Keeley examines the three HRM practices that characterize the larger, global Japanese MNC lifetime employment, a senioritybased wage system, and company-dominated unions. He also discusses the unique leadership role played by the personnel department. It is in this context that he reviews other distinctive features, uniform the long work hours of Japanese managers and the after-hours workgroup enculturation that follows.Contending that this practice is essential to Japanese management, it is not common elsewhere, and Japanese managers find it difficult to manage without it. In this chapter, Keeley also does a good job reviewing the key traits of Japanese culture that so affect their HRM practices, including beefed-up ethnocentrism an emphasis on the responsibilities of a (corporate) household (like paternalistic familism) harmony and loyalty in the context of vertically defined relationships and the rigid separation of public face from private, personal feelings.Keeley als o discusses how educational institutions are utilise as recruiting sources for corporate staffing. Although aspects of his review of Japanese culture, history, and institutions may be familiar to some, the coverage of Japanese IHRM practices in Chapter 4 is probably not. According to Keeley, Japanese firms were slow to move into investing in foreign sites and facilities, and it was not until the 1990s that Japan became a major foreign investor. Even so, only 8% of its manufacturing capacity was travel off shore, relatively small compared to the 17% for U.S. and 20% for German firms. On a continuum of IHRM practices, ranging from ethnocentric operations at one end to fully open and integrated global operations at the other, most Japanese firms would be classified as ethnocentric. Further, management positions in Japanese subsidiaries are invariably make full by native Japanese. Over the last 30 years or so, Japanese firms have systematically employed three to four times as many pa rent country nationals (PCNs) in manager jobs as have U. S. or European subsidiaries.Ethnocentric IHRM practices are also found in such other conditions as lack of local decision-making autonomy, demands for selecting and training PCN managers, substantial communication problems amid PCN and HCN managers in Japanese subsidiaries, and even the pariah treatment that repatriating PCN managers experience when returned to Japan. In Chapter 5, Keeley continues his close and critical look at the interactions between culture and organizational behavior by examining communication and decision-making practices.This analysis is supported by the findings of his survey of Japanese subsidiaries in Singapore, Malaysia, and Australia in 1994 and 1996, as presented in Chapter 6. In the final chapter, Keeley draws out the implications of his analysis. HCN managers play a check role in the management of local subsidiaries, with most decisions made at headquarters in Japan and communicated directly t o the Japanese managers on site without local HCN manager involvement.These conditions make working for a Japanese subsidiary unattractive to many ambitious HCN managers, putting Japanese firms at a relative competitive disadvantage in the labor market. More generally, Japanese management practices are difficult to transfer to foreign operations and indeed may actually impede efficient and effective local operations.Both Japanese culture and their business operations create formidable barriers to effective integration. In short, Japanese MNCs seem assemble in an ethnocentric mode of operation that virtually dooms them to long-term mediocrity in the global economy. Keeley concludes that in order for them to succeed in a global economy, Japanese companies must transcend their ethnocentric attitudes and IHRM policies and practices and look at diversity, not as a defeat, but as a strength. Although some firms have latterly begun to acknowledge this, most show little interest. Internat ional Human Resource Management offers an abundance of nurture and insight into the global HR operations of Japanese firms.In addition, it also provides an intriguing, more general discernment of the challenges involved in managing cross-culturally and the importance of effective diversity management. The book is well written. The frequent use of acronyms, like HCN and PCN, eventually becomes easy to follow. Though I found Chapter 6 on the authors own research fair anticlimatic, all in all this is a fascinating tour book and is recommended without hesitation.

Deviant Behavior Emergence Essay Example for Free

Deviant Behavior Emergence EssayDeviancy has been defined as the actual shift from a standard-norm conforming behavior towards a direct behavior alteration that is non accepted by society or viewed as unacceptable by the minor cultures. People who assume in defying acts argon seen as having low self-control. They engage in many conventional behaviors, but referable to low self-control, they are predisposed to committing deviancy if opportunities build up. This explanation explains all types of deviant behavior (Hunter Dantzker, 2005 p. 53).Deviant behaviors are deemed to arise out of environmental etiologies that stimulates the intrinsic character of an individual, which in the end, matters to behavioral deviation. Such scenario is evident in particularized events in life that most of the time due to adaptation and societal personal line of credit implicated in these deviating individuals (Holmes, Maahs Vito, 2007 p. 67). Discussion Adaptation is one of mans greatest ca pacity and need in lay to survive the ever-changing structure of the society.Such change causes strains through events or environmental stressors that facilitate as an alarm for adaptation to begin, which, consequently, cause deviancies (Hunter Dantzker, 2005 p. 153 Holmes, Maahs Vito, 2007 p. 77). Such causation is better explained by the theoretical angles of strain theory, which connotes the division of societal strain and pressure. The socio- heathen domain of both individual recognizes the absolute need to adapt to strains in fiat to progress to success or conditions of fulfillment (Siegel Senna, 2004 p. 14).Strain theory talks about the causation of crimes not directly because of strain but due to cheature in tolerating these kinds of stimuli. They are both result of controvert impregnation of environmental pressures that in the end leads the client vulnerable to breakdown (Holmes, Maahs Vito, 2007 p. 67-68). The theory suggests that a person performs acts of devian cy not because of attachments or relationships but rather because of the pressuring strain.In criminological perspective, the crime rates, according to this theory, justify the increase criminal persona in places wherein financial depression or extreme difficulties are present (Siegel Senna, 2004 p. 314). The plump resort of the individuals is nothing but to commit crimes. In an example given, a person is ready to buck just to get the material possession that the person wants to acquire (Holmes, Maahs Vito, 2007 p. 67). In all moorings, the behavior emerges from a sequence of structural conduciveness, structural strain, generalized beliefs, precipitating factors, mobilization for action, and the breakdown of social control.Structural strain is loosely defined as ambiguities, deprivations, conflicts, and discrepancies in social structure. If in case strain does provoke collective behavior (e. g. panic, crazes and fads) in the context of other determinants, deviant behaviors res ult, which involves a short-circuiting of levels of social action that gives it a crude, excessive, eccentric, or impatient quality (Snow, Soule and Kriesi, 2004 p. 50). Structural strain theory traces the origins of deviance to the tensions caused by the gap between cultural goals and the means people have to achieve these goals.In society, culture establishes goals for people social structures provide, or fail to provide, the means for people to achieve those goals. If the means to achieve goals are out of balance, deviant behavior is the result (Andersen and Taylor, 2006 p. 174) In the United States, most people place a high value on the culturally valued goal of economic success and social mobility. Americans tend to cerebrate that anyone can achieve success-that is, they believe that all people, regardless of the circumstances into which they are born, can achieve affluence and stature (Ferrante and Wallace, p. 37).In the case wherein, a depressed community is surrounding a pe rson, significantly full of drug addicts and contradict and influencers, a person still strives to obtain moral life in spite of community pressures and sociological influence. let us say that this person has been given a good working opportunity as strong as good family relationships, the person might still withstand the implicating strain imposed by the negative environment and progress to success (Kendall, 2006 p. 213).The driving force utilized by the individual is the positive backup obtained from the home environment and/or the natural desire of the individual to succeed. It is very much justified by the state of mind involved and utilized by the individual, which provides the driving force and enables adaptation to stress (Holmes, Maahs Vito, 2007 p. 67 Kendall, 2006 p. 213). However, if the positive reinforcements break down and add up to strain, which consequently causes failure to succeed and adapt on the goals imposed, deviancy arise due to structural strain manifeste d in collective behaviors.Conclusion Every society presents every individual with varying stress, which involves internal and external stressors. Such conditions facilitate stress and act as the primordial strain, which implicates the need for adaptation towards the implicating societal pressures. The study concludes that deviant behavioral patterns arise if such adaptive goals are not meant due to structural strain, which is evident among American society.

Challenges Facing the Graduate Student Essay Example for Free

Challenges Facing the graduate Student EssayThe many challenges that face the potential graduate schoolchilds may inhibit them from taking that bygrowth step to enrolling in graduate school. This paper give focus on personal challenges for this writer and strategies she give use to overcome them. Some challenges for this writer are fixings full- time, existence fiscally responsible for others composition maintaining a mortgage and family responsibilities. Time management and a novice regarding some computer programs also fork over other challenges. many a(prenominal) obstacles have to be conquered in an thrust to ensure success. Hardin (2008) contends these barriers much put her at a greater risk for being unsuccessful. The purpose for this writer entering graduate study is the forecast of expanding her career opportunities to include teaching at the undergraduate level. Her motivation to father to school was two-fold. A dissever and a lengthy recovery following a work-related injury within a year godlike thoughts of face the future being fiscally independent and wondering if the recovery would be without limitations to allow a return to bedside nursing.These life changes prompted soul searching and re-motivated this writer to pursue a graduate degree, a remnant that had been set several years prior. As a graduate student this writer faces the challenges encompassed with being an adult. everyplace the past 30 years, there has been an escalation of students, primarily women, entering graduate study. According to Hardin (2008) the motivation for many women to return to school is usually centered on a major life change. These women usually return to college in an effort to support their families.Balancing commitments, such as work, life, school and other responsibilities create a stressor to the student and pose even more challenges. As the sole provider for two children and responsible for other financial costs that entail, this writer wor ks full-time on the nightshift. Traditionally compensation on nightshift is more than conventional work schedules. Although financially this helps alleviate one stress for this writer, another stress is created, lack of sleep. Sleep deprivation, daunt and sleepiness negatively affect function that often results in decreased productivity (Mulgrew, 2007).This writer believes working nightshift and facing the sleeping challenge poses a potential barrier to success. Based on 2004 statistics, approximately 15% of Americans work nontraditional work schedules (Chung, Wolf, Shapiro, 2009). Adan and Natale (2002) also found that the relationship between gender and shift work support the thought women are more morning types, preferring to retire to sleep earlier and rise sooner, which results in optimal mental performance. This writer believes this to be true of her.In an effort to meet the challenge of time management, she will keep an accurate calendar and prioritize all appointments, wor k schedule, and other commitments. Blocking out hours of the day to focus on schoolwork as well as ensuring enough sleep season pursuing personal goals such as exercise should encourage quality work. Procrastination is times enemy. A fewer minutes of effective planning will save time in the end. This involves a continual assessment and reassessment of priorities and activities (Spidal, 2009). Financial stressors also affect the graduate student.Hardin (2008) found lack of financial support may actually prevent an adult from enrolling in graduate school. The adult student often differs from the traditional student as her financial needs often include a mortgage and childcare. working nightshift helps alleviate the financial deficit for this writer as nightshift pays a differential. Many nurses, including myself, will work bare(a) shifts to offset the financial burden. Attending classes may inhibit the overtime opportunity, therefore smaller paychecks add to the animated financia l load.A graduate student has to weigh the benefits of an education when after graduation her financial debt will increase (Morgenthaler, 2009). In an effort to minimize the loan numerate, this writer researched loans and scholarships. She consulted her employer and found there were a few scholarships available in addition to education reimbursement. The scholarship amounts are monetarily limited. Some also require a commitment to continuing employment for a set number of years per scholarship. Despite these caveats, any amount of money is helpful to decrease the debt as well as ensuring longer employment.Another challenge facing this writer is she has never used PowerPoint in any arena. This may lead to a feeling of inadequacy. To snitch this deficit she will ensure access to the latest computer programs for her papers, research, or presentation. Ultimately the amount of effort put forth by this writer to achieve desired educational results will depend on her overall motivation a nd dedication to her goal. Hardin (2008) has found that most graduate students are not prepared academically.This is associated to being away from the academic setting for a prolonged amount of time. Technological skills may be superannuated or she may not understand the new computer programs. Conducting research and writing papers at a professional level may also be intimidating to the graduate student (Morgenthaler, 2009). Many challenges face this nontraditional graduate student as she returns to school. Although there are significant obstacles, this writer is pollyannaish about overcoming these obstacles by using the aforementioned strategies as she successfully completes graduate school.