Supervision And Training Skills In The Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay

Supervision And Training Skills In The Hospitality labor Tourism EssayAs per the case ponder the courthouse hotel is a in camera consumeed establishment which is considered as the major hotel in the city. As it is a ternion wizardry hotel it inescapably to control its represent so that the hotel predominates on hit margin and not on the loss side. Keeping these things into forefront the hotel keeps its cost low as compargond to others hotels operated in the city. Only few managers and provide members of the hotel use to proceeding once a week in parity to a month.As the management call fors to re rung its organization they lack to keep in mind trustworthy factors as the the person should be having good communion skills, should give good level of overhaul to the guest, easy gained with good qualifications. In this case study the hotel is moving from three single to four title-holder hotel so he needs to acquire the managerial functions which volition school pr incipal a organizations to soaring limits.SUMMARYStaffing is a term that refers to the management of employee schedules. For umteen sell businesses, laging is monitored hourly because the cost of employee pay checks is a signifi backsidet cost driver for the organization. (MANAGING HOTELS EFFECTIVELY, EDDYSTONE C.NEBEL,3 EDITION,PAGE NO.159)Staffing also says that the persons should be recruited in such a vogue that the establishment should get wide level of service that a hotel wants from them in society to run on profit margins. No. of ply in the hotel is oneness of the main key point so that in inn to run a company or organisation in that location is ample staff to run so that it should provide good level of service.Staffing is one of the most vital functions in the function of management. As staffing is all roughly recruiting the people whenever a new hotel opens. It also acts as ongoing functions because of high rate of employee rate and management turnover. As this turnover rate the hotel needs to restaff its hotel with right selection of employees keeping in mind that they ar nearly trained enough to run the hotel and hires the hotel towards profits. Properly designing jobs staffed by employees well suited to their organise is an distinguished first step in providing tiptop guest service.(MULLENS 1985) (MANAGING HOTELS EFFECTIVELY,EDDYSTONE C.NEBEL,3 EDITION,PAGE NO.159).As the courthouse is changing his level of service and recruiting to a greater extent peoples he needs to keep in mind nigh of the key points which need to run the hotel and to maintain the profit margin.The avocation key points or staffing cope are as followsTraining and ripening-Training is designed to hit better the knowledge or skills of the hotels staff . It is obvious to train the staff in regularize to do the required job or say on the job(p) class.(Hotel trading operations management,david k.Hayes,jack d.ninemeir, edition 2,115,116).As the hotel is recruiting new staff for the upcoming four star hotel he need to keep several things in mind that the employee should be enough skillfull so that he can run the organisation in profit margin and his recruitment is also depends on the qualification he holds. Training also plays a vital role in the development of the employee as the hotel is allocated to Germans there is a need of preparedness to be veritable in them that how to welcome them and the manner of communication. It is fundamental to develop the training program both for the benefit of the staff and the organisation.( executive programy management, Robert w.eckles,Ronald l.carmicael, Bernard r. sarchet IInd edition,338). In order to maintain the banal and level of service the hotel needs to give the same level of service to the German peoples and this is possible by training the staff more efficiently and making them enough skilful so that they can caters the needs of them. directThe second key point which a hotel ne eds to keep in mind is the directing as it is a managerial function which initiates action. Its to begin with means issuing instruction, assignment ,and directives (orders). Directing also includes building an efficacious work force encouraging each employee to work exitingly and sky-high towards the accomplishment of the desired objectives.(Supervision concept and practices of management,theo haimann, Raymond l. Hilgert,edition 4th ,305).As the hotel is changing from three star to four star hotel so it needs to follow some strategies which can take them to high sky so that it can make profit off of it. Directing in this case study plays an important role as the hotel is changing his level of service as the German is allocated to the courthouse hotel. The hotel has to direct the staff in order to meet the challenge they are intimately to accept. Giving right focal point to the employees can result into profit for the organisation. Directing employees according to the needs of t he Germans can result into good customer satisfaction. Directing can also be defined as the prowess of encourage for the staff to work more effectively and efficiently. In order to do any t take we need to have some direction or say intend so that we should know that the work we are doing is going on the right direction or not. Directing to the staff boosts themselves to earn more confidence in what they are doing and the result they want to cater to them is also on the right direction. .(supervision concept and practices of management,theo haimann, Raymond l. Hilgert,edition 4th ,305). while management and activity jutningIn order to complete the task we need to keep in mind the time factor which plays an important role in doing the activity or a task. In order maintain time management we need to do a certain planning by which the task can be completed. working bracing is more important and accordingly working hard. To be effective or in order to maintain the time management and activity planning u need to keep some factors in mind- excogitate action plans.Delegating the actions needed to achieve the objectives.Providing support and help whenever needed.(Hospitality retail management, Conrad lashley, ed 2000, 209).As in the case study the hotel is moving from 3 stars to 4 stars and in the coming months the hotel is setting up a plan for opening the cattle farm halls and room service. In order to run eloquent organisation we need to manage the time factor which is very important. Doing the work in the specified period of time is what success all near is in hotels. In order to run a smooth organisation we need to manage all the activity in time. As the banquet is opening so the staff should be more specific about the time management and in that time they need to plan a activity which should be completed in the required time. (Hospitality retail management, Conrad lashley, ed 2000, 209).2(A) Existing staff may react to the following changes in the fol lowing waysOvertime As the staff requires ample amount of training in there development so they need to cope up with the skills which can run the smooth organisation. As in the case study first there was lonesome(prenominal) few staff working and that only one weekend in a month. So the new staff exponent have problem as they have to give limited hours to there work. The problem can be the work pressure on them as they were if working for 10 hrs but now they are working for 20 hrs. (managing change, carnall,1991,92 )Work load or stress on employees Changes creates anxiety, hesitation and stress, even for those managing change. Even peoples are fully committed to change may experience stress.( managing change, carnall,1991,92).As per the case study first the actor were doing their job as per the requirements but now as the new facilities are introduced in the hotel they need to give more attention to their work and this might can take them to stress and overtime in their duty ro ta.usual savvy between the employees If there will be no understanding between the employees there can be a situation of disputes regarding the honorarium as the people of the hotel which are new are not familiarise.Planning, organising and staffing can be used as preparatory or preliminary managerial function.The problem of directing can also come into this as everyone has its own way of doing the work. As earlier there was no one to fork them what the best way of doing work is. But now they are pointing out different queries that this is not the way to do the work. (Supervision concepts and practices of management,4th edition,305)As if there will be no planning no organising and no proper staffing then will be no proper directing towards the work. Even more without these management problems the organisation cannot run properly and proper planning=proper organising=proper staffing= proper directing staff. Every one has its own way of working and if someone impose some thing on t hem then there is a problem which arises in the organisation and to them also.Steps could a executive program take to minimize the impact of these reactions areA supervisory program can change the individuals who work in the organisation. In order to follow the managerial functions the supervisor need to follow them on the workers as if the supervisor is planning a strategy then the staff should implement it as a supervisor will not tell something else which will lead a organisation towards the negative level..(managing change 2nd edition, Christopher mabey, bill mayon-white, one hundred sixty-five )working smart is more important then working hard.(hospitality retail management,2000,Conrad lashley,209). This is what a supervisor wants to tell his employees that dont be in any hesitations jus ask the problem which you want to. Dont jus do the work but should know that what work are doing. Planning for each organisation and time management depart to run the organisation more effic iently and more effectively.(hospitality retail management,2000, Conrad lashley,210). The supervisor maintains the time in which the certain task have to be carry out and for doing so the supervisor do a meeting in which he get assured by all the worker to finish there task according to the time give by him.Conclusion aft(prenominal) the discussion on the staffing issue and to the proposed changes the conclusion comes that the in order to run a smooth organisation we need to follow the important or say relevant steps for the profit margin. Staffing a right employee and make him towards his work is more important if a organisation want to be success in future. As courthouse is moving from three star to for star he need to develop certain strategies and need to be implemented.after developing these implement on them the hotel will be running in profits in the coming future and there will be good level of service which will cater to the guests. The more skillfull the staff will be th e more quick service he will be catering to the guest.

Strength Training for Volleyball Players

Strength Training for volleyb every game PlayersThe improvement of these abilities is quite important for a volleyball player, being the sinewy efficiency umpteen times the priority for the fresh athletic supporter. Several studies confirm reported significant improvements in upended take form following metro preparedness (Baker et al, 1994 ) and (Stone et al, 1981).The purpose of intensity fosterage for volleyball is not to manakin big vigours, only to develop the physical char make outeristics necessary to improve a players performance.Strength instruction is very important to volleyball and however, should not be unquestionable independently from other abilities such as agility, speed and endurance.This political platform is knowing primarily to improve the skill of upright piano resurrect in volleyball for players with dampen to advanced experience.Needs depth psychologyNeeds analysis counselinges on the fitness needs of both the legal action ( unsloped showtime) and the jockstrap twisty in the turn (volleyball).Sport analysis productive participation in volleyball sport requires expertise in more physical skills and performance is often dependent on an individuals ability to propel themselves into the argument during both offensive and defensive manoeuvres. These suits entangle the jump serve, spike, and block. During the carrying out of a jump serve or a spike, the player jumps gamey into the air and strikes the ball at the highest point of their jump in an effort to propel the ball rapidly down towards the oppose side of the net.Defensively, front row players defend against spikes by leap into the air with their hands raised in an effort to impede the offensive attack. hostile offensive jumps, defensive jumps be not maximal plumb jump efforts.Thither be m each(prenominal) particularors that are involved in an athletes good jump and many factors that are involved in improving an athletes straight jump. Vertica l jump mainly involves utilization of the depress limbs. However, the stop number limbs play an important role in vertical jump activity. Feltner et al (1999) and H encirclean et al (1990) concluded that utilize an arm swing during vertical jumping improved performance over no arm swing.An upwards swing causes a downward campaign on the trunk which in turn slows the rate of needion of the leg heftinesss allowing the muscles to contract at a slower velocity and thus generates more outcome. The fact that an arm swing is so important to vertical jumping performance, whitethorn indicate that there is a technique or skill voice to vertical jumping, rather than notwithstanding leg tycoon (Young, 1995).Another biomechanical prospect of vertical jump is the bi-lateral deficit. Bi-lateral deficit results in disparate elevations one-leg versus two-leg vertical jump. The maximal height achieved from one-legged jump is approximately 60% of the maximal two-legged height (Challis, 1998). The possible fountain for this deficit whitethorn be a neuromuscular adaptation. One-leg jump requires a maximal recruitment of muscle fibres due to little muscle mass available.Furthermore, the height that is achieved by the vertical jump has a direct correlation with the amount of thrust that is produced by the muscle fibres. This force is created by a phenomenon known as the hold out-shorten rhythm regularity of muscle fibres. The stretch-shortening motorcycle is a natural reaction by muscle fibres to slow the personate from fast movements and prevent speck to the individual involved (Kraemer and Newton, 1994). The stretch-shortening cycle involves a counter-movement when a muscle fibre is rapidly stretched creating tension within the muscle. A counter-movement occurs when the muscles are eccentrically stretched, and then rapidly shortened to accelerate the eubstance in the opposite direction and achieve the reverse desirable action.To accomplish this, the musc les act eccentrically to slow the body and initiate the reverse desirable movement (Kraemer and Newton, 1994). This cycle is critical to vertical jump performance. As the individual flexes the knees to jump, the stretch shortening cycle is activated and the athlete explodes into the jump. Newton et al (1997) claimed that there whitethorn be an even more important factor to producing more firm contractions. The research that they conducted came to the conclusion that force output did increase as a function of load, but lighter loads to a fault produced more force because of the speed that the muscle was contracting. In terms of muscle fibre type, elect(ip) volleyball players typically show muscle fibre percentages of around 52-60% steadfast Twitch muscle fibre composition, which compare favourably to samplesfrom elite level sprinters and jumpers (45-80%FT) (Conlee et al, 1982). A final biomechanical feature of vertical jumps involves the mechanics of the two-joint muscles of the lo wer limbs. The major muscle groups of the lower extremities involved in vertical jump are the hamstrings, quadriceps and gastrocnemius. All these muscle groups are bi-articulated muscles that cross over manifold joints. The sequence of muscle activation occurs through a proximal to distal pattern (Pandy, 1991). Thus, the gluteus maximus and hamstrings are activated first with a unadorned goal of accelerating the trunk upward after countermovement. The activation continues downward through thigh, shank and finally to the toes. Therefore, all of the lower limb muscles essential train in come out to develop an volatile federal agency.Energy source seek has shown that elite volleyball players to rely primarily upon their anaerobiotic energy dust to supply energy demands during a match (Conlee et al, 1982).However, matches can last up to two and a half hours therefore some aerobic serving must be present as surface. Volleyball is 90% anaerobic and 10% aerobic (Baechle et al, 2000). The aerobic energy system may not be relied upon during matches, but it is certainly important during pedagogy sessions, rest, and recovery periods. In relation to the specific composition of muscle fibres, it has been suggested that athletes with a well developed anaerobic great index capacity get out generate more power than athletes with a high aerobic power capacity (Conlee et al, 1982).Primary sites of daubThe mechanisms and frequencies of daub in volleyball are well documented. The jump-landing sequence is the tightlipped common source of injury in volleyball (Briner and Kacmar, 1997). In fact, bar and spiking are linked with over 70% of volleyball injuries (Watkins and Green, 1992). Ferretti et al., (1992) hypothesized that the high exit of jumps and the likelihood of losing equipoise due to deviations in jumping technique are the primary causes of injury during volleyball. The vast vividness (90%) of volleyball injuries occur in the lower extremity with t he knee joint beingparticularly conquerable (Gerberich et al, 1987). Knee injuries are of particular importance because they are associated with more wooly-minded time from sports participation than other injury sites (Solgrd et al, 1995). A well-designed volleyball knowledge program go forth overly help to reduce the incidence and grimness of injury in volleyball players. Despite being a non-contact sport, a collar study found that volleyball is the eighth most injury prone sport in the age group 14 to 20 years (De Los ,1995).Program DesignA well-structured volleyball breeding program can increase volatile power, vertical jump height, huskiness and speed and agility around the court. Skill genteelness alone, such as practising spikes, wont develop the physical traits necessary to play to the athletes full-of-the-moon latent (Gabbett et al, 2006).Volleyball players have exceptional lower body power and perform well in the vertical jump test (Smith et al,1992). Power in the legs is call for to jump explosively off the understanding in fellowship to spike, block, distinguish and dive.This program is designed to maximize the vertical jump for a professional volleyball player who is very interested in increasing his vertical jump to enhance his sport performance for the in-season period. It is a pre-season program which focuses on actual sport specific functions. Squatting, jumping, lateral stepping, hitting and spiking are all common volleyball movements. The pre-season volleyball effectualness didactics routine is slight fierce than the off-season. The goal is to maintain that force-out and power, but to perfect sport specific movements.The subject is a full-time employee therefore he has no plenty of time for readying. He also practises volleyball with no tangible schedule. He devotes his weekend to leisure activities and social commitments, so training must be scheduled during weekdays.Conveniently, the subject has no prior major sports i njury and he was medically cleared fit for resistance training. The subject has heartfelt background of resistance training programs and he has been on training frame over the past triplet months. His training include jogging for 30 minutes and some basic general strength exercises. In monastic order to make strength a valuable physiological component, it must be trained in such a way that gains in strength lead to the highest levels of jumping power. This jumping power must then be effectively applied during the game. To achieve this, strength program is structured into one-third training phases that lead into the competitive phase. This program consists of three phases (mesocycles) derived from a holy periodization model. These three phases are basic strength, explosive strength and reactive strength. from each one phase is four weeks in length.Phase 1This phase precedes explosive strength and reactive strength training. This is important even for experienced strength-train ed athletes as the nature of competitive sport places uneven stresses on the body. The goal here is not to try to necessarily mimic sports movements, but rather just to increase the contractual force producing capabilities of the muscles that are involved in the vertical jump. This phase lasts for 4 weeks and it aims to balance strength between the two sides of the body. It also aims to restore correct balance between the flexors and extensors (such as the hamstrings and quadriceps for example). aid impart be paid to developing limit strength in the muscles of the quadriceps, glutes, hamstrings and lower back as these are the most important muscle groups for vertical jumping. The muscles of the hip extensors will be given special guardianship because they are usually the weak links in the large majority of athletes. These muscles are the glutes, hamstrings, and lower back. During this phase, training begins at a low garishness with high volume. It includes sport-specific exercise s related to vertical jump as well as some non-specific exercises such as core exercises. Overload progress from 60% to 75% of 1RM. Repetitions per destiny range from 5 to 10 depending on how intense the exercise is.Phase 2The goal of explosive strength exercises is to either perform the movement with more speed, or with more height. For example, try to jump higher(prenominal) while squatting with light to moderate weights. Generally, speed of movement, especially the startle of the movement, is more important than the load involved when it comes to these exercises.Explosive strength movements focus on developing maximal starting and explosive strength, without much appointment of the reflexive stretch-shortening cycle .They essentially focus on applying max volunteer(prenominal) force as quickly as possible.In this phase plyometric exercises will be introduced particularly jumps in place and standing jump.Phase 3Reactive strength exercises generally consist of jumps. The goal with the reactive strength exercises is to execute the movements with either less time spent on the ground or by jumping higher. These movements allow you to take advantage and constitute upon the reflexive forces that come from the plyometric effect. They are essential for anyone wanting to jump higher and run faster. This training uses the stretch-shortening cycle (stretch reflex) .The stretching reflex responds to the speed at which muscle/tendon complex is stretched prior to movement. Therefore, the faster and greater the stretch is the greater the corresponding reactive force will be.SpecificityAll exercises include in this program are designed to improve strength, neuromuscular adaptations and recruitment of muscles involved in vertical jump.Volleyball requires explosive movements with sequential use of muscles in a specific order. surpassing lifts strengthen muscles at a similar velocity and in the same order as ask in volleyball (Cross, 1993). Thus, this program will inclu de use of Olympic lifts (snatch, clean and jerk). Most vertical jumping in volleyball is performed from motionless standing or from a two-step approach (Black, 1995). However, many upward and lateral movements of the upper limb are needed for blocking and spiking. speed body and abdominal (trunk) strength has also been shown to be a bestow factor to vertical jump performance (Bobbert et al, 1994).Strength in the upper body, particularly the arms and shoulders helps to increase the strength throughout the trunk field which creates solid posture to help maximise jumping technique. Therefore, this program includes many exercises of upper body in order to strengthen all muscles involved in vertical jump.Other exercises (bench press, push press and core conditioning) are included in the program although they do not specifically improve vertical jump. These exercises are included to maintain muscular balance and enhance strength base.While this program is basically designed to improve the vertical jump, it would also be enough in developing upper and lower body strength and power. This program also includes some plyometric activities for both upper and lower limbs.Velocity specificity is an important consideration when designing resistance training programs for vertical jump. It indicates that training adaptations (e.g., increased strength/power) are greatest at or near the training velocity (Pereira and Gomes,2003). However, there exists a conflicting hypothesis that the determination to move a barbell, ones own body, or any other object explosively is more important than the actual movement velocity in determining velocity-specific responses of the neuromuscular system to resistance training (Behm and Sale, 1993)Plyometric training has been shown to be one of the most effective methods for improving explosive power (Fleck and Kraemer, 2004). A wide variety of athletes can benefit from power training, particularly if it follows or coincides with a strength tr aining program. In order for plyometric training to be at its most effective it should follow a phase of maximal strength training (Baechle et al, 2000). The purpose of plyometrics is to improve the athletes capacity to apply more force more rapidly.logically then, the greater the athletes ability to generate maximal force or strength to begin with, the more of it can be born-again into sport-specific power. Weighted vertical jumps are included in this program for its popularity among training specialists and for its proven benefits in many studies. Baker et al. (2001) found that maximal power was achieved during weighted squat jumps with a 48-63% of 1RM squat. Moreover, Wilson et al. (1993) concluded that weighted jumps increased counter-movement and non-counter-movement vertical jump heights more than the traditional resistance training and plyometric.In the same way, Newton et al (1997) showed that ballistic jump squat training against 30, 60, and 80% 1RM improved vertical jump performance of elite volleyball players significantly more than squat and leg press training with 6RM loads. Subjects in both groups also completed the usual on-court volleyball practice, which involved a large volume of jumping activities. Harris et al. (2000) support this idea by video display the superiority of a combination of heavy- and light-load training to either training method alone in improving a variety of sports performance in football players. Accordingly, athletes may benefit most from resistance training using a range of loads with the intention to move explosively pair with practicing of the actual sport movementEquipment and spottingThis program relies mainly on free-weight training exercises including barbell and dumbbells. Other equipment include pulley and plyometric training facilities such as medicine balls, boxes and hurdles .Free weight training has some advantages over political machine training such as whole body training and disguise of real sport act ivities.However, free weight training requires more balance and coordination. Therefore, spotting is highly required during training with free weights particularly with beginners and young athletes. This program has plenty of free weight exercises performed in different positions and angles and at different velocities therefore, spotting will be carried out for the most of exercises but special attention will be given to the most flagitious exercises such as overhead exercises and Olympic lifts.IntensityThe intensity of the program starts at a low level and increases gradually throughout the program. 1RM strength was established at the beginning of the program by estimation from a 10RM test-measured value. 1RM is retested every two weeks after the initial test. However, 1RM will be estimated from 1RM-5RM at the beginning of the second mesocycle. Estimating the 1RM from 10RM provides a general guide until the trainee has developed sufficient strength and neural adaptations that woul d make testing at low RMs unafraid an effective (Fleck and Kraemer, 2004).Intensity is adjusted by increasing the amount upraised and using super habilitateting and compound exercises (several exercises for the same muscle group, or multiple exercises for different muscle groups performed with little or no rest). During the last week (microcycle) of each mesocycle, the intensity and volume are slightly decreased in order to allow time for complete adaptation to take place. Plyometric exercises are introduced fit to their intensity level. Low intensity exercises are first introduced followed by moderate and then high intensity exercises.Training volumeTraining volume is generally estimated from the total number of sets and repetitions performed in a single session. A multiple-set (three to six sets) power program incorporated into a strength training program consisting of one to six repetitions in periodized manner is recommended for advanced power training (Fleck and Kraemer, 200 4). One meta-analysis (Rhea et al, 2003) concluded that four sets of resistance training produced double the strength increases of one set. Baker et al (2001) concluded that as training volume increases, power tends to decrease and vice versa. Therefore, in order to maximize power gains in this program, the volume of the training starts at a high level and steadily decreases over time. Resistance training volume is win reduced when introducing plyometric exercises. Volume is adjusted by decreasing the number of repetitions per set or by decreasing the number of sets per session.Rest and recovery enough rest and recovery are addressed by allowing a full day of rest between each two successive sessions, as well as limiting number of exercises per set. Generally, rest between sets ranges from three to four minutes depending on the number of repetitions performed and intensity of the exercise. For example, a set of 6 repetitions of box jump will need four- minute- rest. When training m uscle groups which act together in the same session (i.e. pectorals and deltoids), fatigue may take place. To prevent this problem the muscle groups just trained will be rested or an unrelated muscle groups such as calf group may be trained prior to the training of subsequent muscle groups that have similar actions. Plyometric exercises are performed at the beginning of the training session after a thorough warm-up. Doing so, athlete will develop maximal power before muscle become ill-defined from resistance training(Fleck and Kraemer, 2004). The highest volume and intensity exercises are usually performed on Fridays, thus allowing two-day recovery.PeriodizationThis program is designed as a pre-season training consisting of three mesocycles, with four microcycles in each mesocycle. Each microcycle is one week keen-sighted and involves training over three days Monday, Wednesday and Friday.ConclusionThis program is designed to improve the vertical jump in a professional volleyball player. The workouts are demanding but simple enough to complete in 40 minutes or less. More importantly, psychological factors have been taken into account. This is the reason for the variation in the program within each cycle. Subject may skip some workouts or be not interested in training because of physical or emotional stress. However, with proper supervision and train and compliance to this program, the subject will see not only increases in strength and power, but also improvement in vertical jumping and consequently physical performance.

Bisleri Company Profile

Bisleri Company composeAccording to a account dictation by Ikon, a commercializeing consulting union, the lotaged peeing industry is estimated at Rs.8000 crore currently and is expected to touch Rs.10000 crore by the end of the fiscal 2012-13. It whitethorn excessively touch the Rs.1 cholecalciferol0 crore mark by 2015, according to the report. The industry has seen a compound annual growth rate of nigh 19%. Parles Bisleri has the highest commercialize care of almost 36%, followed by Coca-colas Kinley which has a trade share of about 25% , followed by Aquafina which has a market share of about 15%. Indias percapita consumption is about 30 liters which is less than the global norm of 40 cubic decimeters. In India, South India tops the consumption followed by westerly India which is the home for both the major national packaged peeing filths. In the indispensable piddle category, which is a niche division where the scar Himalayan irrigate has been a draw has now entered into the Indian market, after world overtaken by the Tata group.Company Profile of Bisleri narrative (1)Bisleri was originally an Italian company created Felice Bisleri, who freshman brought the idea of sell bottled weewee in India. Bisleri then was introduced inMumbaiin glass bottles in two varieties bubbly still in 1965. Parlebought over Bisleri (India) Ltd. in 1969 and started bottling piss in glass bottles under the chump name Bisleri. Later Parle switched over to PVC non-returnable bottles finally advanced to favorite containers. In 1995 Ramesh J. Chauhan started combusting Bisleri operations. In two hundred3 Bisleri announced its venture to Europe. All shares are held by Mr Ramesh J Chauhan and his family.The brand name Bisleri is so popular in India that it is use as a generic wine namefor bottled pee.According to the companys website, Bisleri invests 10 milion cubic decimetres of rain down irrigate every year. More than just an initiative its a come about reflection of Bisleris outlook to life, whether its crops, people or profitability. As one of the worlds most trusted brands, Bisleri is tether the way in bringin about positive diverseness in our daily lives. Some initiatives involve small communities, others involve the replete(p) population, but they are both a part of the meaningful variation called the Aqua green revolution.Vision(2) According to the companys website the vision of Bisleri is The Aqua potassium Revolution began with an ambitious dream An India in which every person has unvarying access to scientifically purified and fortified drinking water, irrespective of geographical barriers or economic limitations. growthBesides mineral water, Bisleri excessively produces Bisleri Soda and Bisleri Vedica subjective Spring water. The polish exercise of Bisleri mineral water involves a six-stage purification process.In the first stage, the ground water is ozonized to destroy the virus and bacteria. The nigh step involves purification by sand filter which removes coarse particles up to 30 microns in size. A carbon filter is then utilise to remove color and odor, followed by Reverse Osmosis to filter harmful minerals and salts. The undermentioned step involves fortification of water with minerals. Finally the water is ozonized once to a greater extent to ensure zero-contamination during packaging and storing. Bisleri with added minerals is available in 250 ml, 500 ml, 1 liter and 2 litre bottles and 5 litre, 15 litre and 20 litre jars.PriceProduct No.of Bottles in case MRP/Case250 ml 24 144500 ml 20 cc1 litre 12 1802 litre 9 2255 litre 1 3515 litre 1 6020 litre 1 80Promotion Bisleri is promoted through TV and padded touch media in-your-facely. Every opportunity to interact with the customer is utilize to promote the product. For example, all the vehicles used for supply are painted in green, bearing the BISLERI logo and slogans homogeneous Drink and Drive. In 2008, competin g with the other brands in the mountain water category, the brand adopted a tv commercial that reflected spirituality, carrying the tagline The sweet prove of purity. The company has also started a new campaign called Stay protected which is an extension of their own earlier Play Safe and the television commercial concentrated a bit more than on the protection aspect. dispersionBisleri currently has 25 bottling units and about 5000 vehicles for statistical distribution. Throughout the awkward, Bisleri has about 3,50,000 retail outlets. Manu pointuring operations are done in 18 places in India. For the 20 litre jar, the company has introduced a home delivery system which is done by a specialized distribution system. Bisleri distributes in 3 phases Direct distribution through roadwaysThrough Local distributors to retail outlets.Home delivery with the up deal of small depots inside cities.Company Profile of Aquafina HistoryAquafina is a bottled water brand owned by PepsiCo. Aqua fina was first launched in Wichita, Kansas, USA in 1994. It started distributing nationally throughout America by 1997. It started operating in India from 1999 starting signal from the city of Bombay and nationally throughout India in 2000. As of the year 2007, it became Americas biggest selling bottled water brand by sales volume.Product Aquafina adopts a process called Hydro-7 process which is a seven stage purification process. The water is originated from the universal sources and it undergoes reverse osmosis followed by underground and ozone sterilization. It removes impurities like chlorides, salts and other substances that affect the amnionic fluid taste.Aquafina also claims that its bottles are 100% recyclable. Aquafina also meets the stringent national and planetary standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).In addition to bottled drinking water, Aquafina also has a range of contrasting products like Aquafinaflavorsplas h which is flavored drinking water, Aquafina reflect which is carbonated water. However the production of Aquafina Sparkling was discontinued in 2010 in the US. Health conscious products like Aquafina viable and Aquafinaplus+ are also produced by Aquafina which are low calorie and vitamin deepen products.Price Product Price(INR)300 ml 5500 ml 81 litre 122 litres 2525 litres 260Promotion Aquafina has started advertising in a new way by launching What a body campaign. It helped the brand reach out to antithetical market segments. Through Aquafina, Pepsico has started water conservation initiatives and creating awareness about Pepsicos efforts to keep abreast water. Aquafina promoted the brand through tv commercials, by using catchy slogans like Purest part of you. It also entered into tie-ups with the Railways and other public places like Departmental stores, Multiplexes and so forth thereby promoting the brand aggressively.Distribution Throughout India, Aquafina has about 19 bottling whole caboodles. Aquafina bottled water is available in all the parts of the country with about more(prenominal) than half a million outlets selling the brand.Company profile of KinleyHistory Cocac-cola introduced Kinley into the bottled water market in August 2000.Bisleri, which was al reach a leader in the market of purified mineral water, had a market share of greater than 60% and the term Bisleri was cosmos used as a generic term for mineral water. Kinley established around 20 water plants throughout the country and was in the process of setting up 15 more water plants within the future(a) one year.The situation at the sentence when Kinley forayed into the bottled water market can be examined with the help of 5C approach.Company Coca-Cola already enjoyed a strong brand image in the market with the likes of soft drinks like Coca-Cola, Limca, Thums up etc. It also had strong supply and distribution channels.Competition Coca-Colas major competitor at the time of its e ntry into the bottled water market was Parle. With a growth rate of about 40% for 10 years, Parles Bisleri earned the faith and the loyalty of the customers in provide proficient and sodding(a) drinking water.Category At the time of starting its operations, three categories were much popular in the bottled water market. Pouches were popular in rural areas because of their prospering availability and also the charge concerns. The bottles of 500 ml to 1 litre were being sold in all kinds of retail outlets. There was also a huge demand for bulk quantities ( of about 20 litres ) in the households as well as the corporate.Context Because of the scarcity of water in most parts of the country and also the increasing health instinct among the people of India, the number of people moving towards mineral water is increasing. collaborationism Since Coca-Cola has a well managed distribution system, it collaborated with restaurants, supermarkets etc. and distributing its products crosswise a physical body of retail outlets.Under these circumstances, Coca-Cola launched Kinley, first across a variety of Confederate metros and later it spread to all other places nationally.Positioning The brand Coca-Cola already enjoyed a trustworthy position in the Indian market and it also had an efficient distribution system. Under the initiative of Boondh Boondh mein Vishwas it portrayed itself as a brand of trust and purity. The company stood on the belief that The right to pure, safe drinking water is fundamental.Product In 2000, 500 ml pack was launched. This was followed by 1 litre, 1.5 litre, 2 litres, 5 litres, 20 litres and 25 litres by 2002. Targeting parties and special occasions, Kinley introduced 200 ml cups. Also, the 200 ml pouches were available to provide the needs of the rural areas where price is an important concern. Reverse osmosis and latest engineering is used in the purification of water. The company also started easy to hold bottles in 2008.Price Product Pri ce200 ml (pouch) Re.1200 ml (water cup) Rs.3500 ml Rs.5 (in Delhi)Rs.8 (Rest of India)1 litre Rs.10Place Kinley was first available in the Southern Metros and then the company started distributing them nationally. The 200 ml water cups were made available in Chennai and Gujarat before introducing them across the country. The 200 ml pouches were first tested in selected areas of Gujarat before marketing them across India.Promotion Kinley launched the campaign Boondh Boodh mein vishwas. In the language of Coca-Cola, Kinley brand personifies trust which is a key attribute in the packaged drinking water segment. Our product attribute matched with the brand positioning is a key reason that the brand has done so well in market despite aggressive and low price competitors. Kinley started a new campaign Vishwas Karo in 2009.Kinley sire Bisleri in 2002 in retail segment ( 500 ml to 2 litres) where Bisleri continued to be the leader for about two decades. It held a market share of about 35 .1% while Bisleri held the second position with a market share of about 34.4%. Currently, while Bisleri enjoys to be the number one brand in both retail and bulk markets, Kinley holds the second position.Company Profile of Himalayan bottled waterHistory In 2008, Tata took over Himalayan bottled water, a product of Mount Everest mineral Water to cater to the needs of urban and health conscious market. The company maintains that the water is unprocessed and untouched and is cracking away packed from the natural resource. In the words of the CEO, Pradeep Poddar of Mount Everest Mineral water, The launch would be our first transformative step in actualizing our vision of creating next generation beverages with water on the platform of wellness, starting with natural mineral water. In future, we would be straddling the entire consumer pyramid with breakthrough, functional and nutritionally compound offerings, making this an exhilarating journey in our quest to make water truly the eli xir of life.Strategic PlanningThe TATA group forayed into the mineral water industry by acquiring a stake of about 32 percent in Mount Everest Mineral Water which is actually a good move as they got hold of a brand thats already existing in the market and by getting hold of such a colossal stake, it gets control of majority of the decision making processes of the company. Himalayan is internationally accredited by the US FDA, the European Union, the health ministries of japan and France. It is a ISO 90012000 company that is the only Indian brand of mineral water that is internationally accepted.Segmentation Based on the type of bottled water, this category is segment into 1. graphic Mineral Water directly packaged from the source and unprocessed and 2.Ordinary Mineral Water this segment involves treatment with chemicals before packaging. TATA is the leader in the Natural mineral water category. Before acquisition bey TATA, the Himalayan water used to cater to the institutional and the international customers.Targeting The target for Himalayan water include the following segments Institutional customers and the customers entrusting to pay a premium. The institutional customers include multiplexes, restaurants, airlines, corporate companies etc. The other segment includes those people who are ready to pay a appeal higher than the others. The company mainly targeted those who will be ready to pay Rs.25 for a bottle of water.Positioning With TATA taking over the brand, Himalayan mineral water got a boost in India as TATA is a trusted brand. The television commercials in the ads used the statement Go back to the nature untouched, unprocessed pristine water from the Himalayas that took 20 years gathering natures goodness for you. With a slogan Live Natural. The USP of Himalayan mineral water is that it is unprocessed and it is packaged straight from the natural source.Product Himalayan Natural water is available in 200 ml, 500 ml, 750 ml, 1 litre, 1.5 l itres and 2 litre bottles. The bottle design was created by Rediffusion DYR , actualized by SIPA, Italy. The water is collected after it flows through clay, stones and river streams collecting different types of minerals with it for about 20 years. The company plans to introduce new variants of the product keeping in mind the different market segments.Price The 750 ml water bottles were priced at around Rs.250 for the corporate and the multiplex segments while it was Rs.18 for the retail segment. Though the price is much higher than the other mineral water products of other companies which cost around Rs.10-15, it is highly competitive when compared with its competitors in the natural water segment Eviane by Danone and Perrier by Nestle since it is priced at a rate 1/4th cheaper than the others in the premium natural water market.Place The plant is primary located in the Daula Kuan Region of Sirmour District of Himachal Pradesh. The company has plans to expand with the help of dist ributors in various parts of the country. Initially, it made use of its already existing and large distribution network of TATA tea. Himalayan water started being distributed in as many as 19500 Tata tea retail outlets as well as other retail shops through the help of the large distribution network of Tata tea. The company started distributed Himalayan water across the country in all the metro cities and also in places like Goa, Pune, cochin china which attract a fair amount of tourists. The company also entered into a joint venture with Pepsico., which is already a leading company in liquid company so as to leverage its distribution and marketing, thereby establishing Himalayan brand as a leader in Natural water. According to the companys website, Himalayan natural mineral waters clientele includes sumptuousness hotel chains like The Taj, The Oberoi, Marriott, InterContinental premium airlines like Jet Airways leading multiplexes such as Adlabs fine dining restaurants like Zodiac Grill, China Gate, well-disposed Dragon, Indiana Jones, and Frangipani among others.Promotion The promotional campaign was handled by Rediffusion DYR with a television commercial that had a slogan Live Natural express the USP of Himalayan Natural water. The Brand is advertised focusing on the fact that the water has been untouched or unprocessed straight from the natural source, where the water has been flowing across river streams acquiring minerals, for about 20 years. In the words of Abanti Sankaranarayanan, executive director of Mount Everest Mineral Water, The launch marks the pedigree of an exciting journey aimed at redefining the entire category of bottled water. We have a unique proposition of hydration with wellness, which will embrace all brand offerings in future. The brand communication is designed to narrate the mysticism of Himalayan to burn an intimate tone with the consumer. The packaging is contemporary and aspirational and conveys the style quotient of the new Himalayan natural mineral water,

ERG11 in Drug-resistant of C. Krusei

ERG11 in Drug- loathly of C. Kr commitiErg11 sportsmans and up-regulation in clinical itraconazole loathly isolates of Candida kruseiSome C. krusei isolates were repelling the antifungous do do drugsss.Mutations including T939C, T642C and A756T were put together in ERG11 of C. krusei.ERG11 was amplyly expressed in broad C. krusei strains.. mouseObjective We aimed to provide with light for better understanding of ERG11 constituent in drug- metro mechanisms in Candida krusei (C. krusei).Methods C. krusei strains were isolated from patients in the Dermatology from Jan 2010 to May 2013. Susceptibility assays, including 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), amphotericin B (AMB), voriconazole (VCR), fluconazole (FLC) and itraconazole (ITR), was performed by broth microdilution method according to the subject field Committee for clinical Laboratory Standards M27-A2. Isolates were split up into sensitised strains and resistant strains based on their energy to ITR. Mutations in the ERG11 cistro n period were detected utilise PCR amplification and gene sequencing. Expression levels of ERG11 were measured by real-time PCR. Differences of ERG11 expression levels between susceptible strains and resistant strains were comp argond by two-tailed scholarly person t test.Results A total of 15 C. krusei strains were obtained, among which 8.0, 6.0 and 3.0% were resistant to FCA, ITR and 5-FC, individually, whereas all isolates were found to be susceptible to AMB and VRC. Three similar codon substitutions were found in ERG11among all the C. krusei strains, including T939C, T642C and A756T. Expression level of ERG11 was significantly higher(prenominal) in resistant C. krusei strains (1.34 0.08) than that in susceptible C. krusei strains (0.94 0.14) (t = 3.74, P Conclusions Our study demonstrates that hitch mutations accompanied with the overexpression of ERG11 might be involved in the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in C. krusei.Keywords ERG11 drug resistance Candida kr usei mutation overexpression.IntroductionCandida species are pathogenic microorganisms for systemic and local opportunistic infections and the fourth leading experience of nosocomial bloodstream infections worldwide 1. In recent years, an increasing numeral of infections due to Candida krusei has been witnessed 2. C. krusei generally causes infections among immunocompromised patients, eespecially those suffering from Human immunodeficiency computer virus (HIV)-acquired immune deficiency syndrome and hematological malignancies 3. Mortality rates among such patients with C. krusei fungemia are account to be as high as 60-80% 4. Moreover, the increasing use of immunosuppressive drugs has inevitably increased the risk of C. krusei infection, and C. krusei has ranked in one-fifth place among all the species of Candida 5, 6.C. krusei has been regarded as a multidrug-resistant (MDR) fungal pathogen by the former of its intrinsic resistance to fluconazole (FLC) as well as its considera ble diminution in competency to flucytosine and amphotericin B (AMB) 2. Resistance to these antifungal drugs is a major problem among patients with acute myelogenous leukemia, neutropenia and/or critically ill, since these drugs are frequently apply for prophylaxis of C. krusei infection 7. Therefore, a better understanding of resistance mechanisms in C. krusei was urgently needed to effectively prevent and control infections ca utilize by C. krusei.It has been reported that double mechanisms are involved in drug resistance in C. krusei , including overexpression of some(prenominal) genes such as multidrug transporters (encoded by CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1), which lead to decreased intracellular assembly of FLC. Nowadays, an increasing evidence proposed that adjustments and overexpression of the ERG11 gene, which codes the target enzyme cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14-demethylase, are major resistance mechanism in C. krusei 8, 9. However, the scarce information ready(prenominal) r egarding ERG11 gene mutation and gene expression in the drug-resistant strains makes C. krusei resistance to azoles poorly understood 10.In the present study, we evaluated the susceptibility profiles of 15 C. krusei isolates, investigated the potential alterations in the ERG11 gene chronological sequence of C. krusei strains, and further detected the differentially expressed levels of ERG11 between susceptible and resistant isolates of C. krusei. We aimed to provide with light for better understanding of molecular mechanisms in drug resistance of C. krusei.Methods2.1 Fungal strains and mediaThe strains used in this study were isolated from patients in the Dermatology of the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from Jan 2010 to May 2013. The standard strain, Candida krusei ATCC 6258, was purchased from fungi and fungal disease research center of Peking University and included in from all(prenominal) one test run for quality control. C. Krusei were maintained on agar YPD i ntermediate (2% peptone, 1% yeast extract, 2% dextrose) and stored in our Fungi Laboratory. RPMI 1640 medium with L-glutamate (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) was used as recommended for susceptibility assays and buffered to pH 7.0 with 0.165 M morpholinepropanesulfonic acid (MOPS).2.2 Susceptibility assaysThe susceptibility assays of the isolates was performed in 96-well polystyrene microtiter plates by broth microdilution method depict in the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards M27-A2 (NCCLS) 11. The antifungal drugs including 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), amphotericin B (AMB), voriconazole (VCR), fluconazole (FLC) and itraconazole (ITR), were obtained from their respective manufacturers and used for susceptibility assays. MIC was watchd as the intentness of the drug that lessen the fungus growth by 80% compared to that grown in the absence of the drug. The informative criteria for susceptibility to the above drugs were published by the NCCLS and listed in Table 1. Samples were divided into susceptible strains and resistant strains based on their susceptibility to ITR.2.3 PCR amplification and sequence alignment of ERG11 geneTo amplify ERG11 gene, genomic DNA was firstly isolated from C. krusei cells using UNIQ-10 Column Genomic DNA Isolation Kit (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturers instruction and used as a template for amplification of the ERG11 genes. precise primers of ERG11 (Table 2) were designed by Primer 3 12, based on the available sequence information of C. Krusei ERG11 gene (GI163311561) at the National Center for bioengineering Information (NCBI). The PCR amplification of ERG11 gene was conducted using 2 l of genomic DNA, 2 l specific forward and reverse primers (50 mol/L) and Taq PCR Master coalesce (TIANGEN, Beijing, China). The PCR condition was set as denaturation for 5 min at 94 C, followed by 35 cycles 94 C for 30 s, 55 C for 30 s and 72 C for 30 s, and a final examination trample of elongation (72 C for 8 min). PCR products were then separated and surface on a 1.5% agarose gel by electrophoresis, and visualized under UV light after staining with ethidium bromide. Successfully amplified PCR products were sent for sequencing (Invitrogen, Shanghai, China). To verify the request mutations, sequencing results were aligned with the character reference sequence of C. Krusei ERG11 gene (GI163311561) using BLAST (Basic local Alignment Search Tool) program in NCBI.2.4 real time PCR analysisFor vicenary real-time PCR analysis, total ribonucleic acid was extracted from C. krusei cultures with an Yeast RNAiso Kit (TaKaRa, Dalian, China) and reversely transcribed to cDNA with PrimeScript RT Master Mix (TaKaRa, Dalian, China) according to the instructions of the manufacturer. For the ERG11 target genes and GAPDH reference gene, a primer pair were designed with Primer 5.0 program (Table 2). Real-time PCR was processed with a 25-l volume containing the following reagents 12.5 l of SYBR mixing Ex TaqTM II (TaKaRa, Dalian, China), 2 l of total RNA sample, 1l of each primer pair at a concentration of 10 M and distilled water up to the final volume. Samples were subjected to an initial step at 95 C for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles each of which consisted of 10 s at 95 C and 30 s at 60 C. Melting curves were recorded every 5 s during the 65-95 C by PCR amplifier. Fluorescence data (Ct) in each reaction were collected and were analyzed with the Rotor-Gene Q Series Software 2.0.2 software. A 2--Ct algorithmic program was applied to analyze relative expression levels of ERG11 at susceptible strains and resistant strains.2.5 Statistical analysisStatistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 software (SPSS inc lettuceUS). All data were presented as mean standard deviation (SD). The two-tailed Student t test was conducted to compare the differences of ERG11 expression levels between susceptible strains and resistant strains. A p-value ResultsAntifungal susceptibilities of C. krusei isolatesA total of 15 C. krusei strains were isolated from clinical samples during Jan 2010 to May 2013 in our laboratory, among which 14 isolates were from urine and 1 from hydrothorax (Table 3). Table 4 shows the rates of azole resistance for these C. krusei isolates. Among 15 C. krusei isolates, 8.0, 6.0 and 3.0% were resistant to FCA, ITR and 5-FC, respectively, whereas all isolates were found to be susceptible to AMB and VRC. Ultimately, by using an MIC 1 g/ml to define resistance to the investigational ITR, the 15 isolates included 6 that were resistant and 9 that were susceptible.mutational analysis in ERG11of C. krusei isolatesDNA fragment with consistent length was successfully amplified from C. krusei isolates (Figure 1). Sequence alignment showed ternion synonymous codon substitutions in ERG11among all the C. krusei strains, including T939C, T642C and A756T (Figure 2). Among the three synonymous mutations, T642C and A756T only presented in ITR-resistant st rains, while T939C in susceptible as well as resistant C. krusei strains. Nevertheless, no point mutation was notice in the standard strain.Different expression levels of ERG11gene in susceptible and resistant C. krusei strainsReal-time PCR was performed to verify the varied expression levels of ERG11 in ITR-susceptible and ITR-resistant C. krusei strains. Result showed that mRNA transcription level of ERG11 was significantly higher in resistant C. krusei strains (1.34 0.08) than that in susceptible C. krusei strains (0.94 0.14) (t = 3.74, P DiscussionWith the drug-resistance character, C. krusei has emerged as one of the leading agents create candidemia, especially in immunocompromised patients 13. Previous studies have shown the crucial power of ERG11 gene in FLC-resistant clinical isolates of Candida species, while the molecular mechanism specially in C. krusei remains unclear. Herein, we evaluated the susceptibility profiles of 15 C. krusei isolates, subsequently searched for mutations in the ERG11 gene sequence of C. krusei using PCR amplification and gene sequencing, and further detected the differentially expressed levels of ERG11 between susceptible and resistant isolates by real-time PCR. We found three synonymous codon substitutions in ERG11 of C. krusei which have not yet been described previously. Among the three point mutations, T642C and A756T only presented in ITR-resistant strains, while T939C were also presented in ITR-susceptible strains. Moreover, mRNA transcription level of ERG11 was significantly higher in ITR-resistant C. krusei strains than that in ITR-susceptible C. krusei strains.It is reported that point mutations in the ERG11 gene can lead to conformational changes which whitethorn affect the affinity of the drug with the target, but not influence the enzyme duty in ergosterol biosynthesis 14. Many studies have been focused on the ERG11 alterationz in Candida species . Ricardo et al. 9 found two different types of mutations by sequencing the C. krusei ERG11 gene, including a heterozygous alteration at 1,389 bp (TC) presented in all of the susceptible and resistant C. krusei strains in their study, and a missense mutation in two strains at position 418 bp (TC) which yields a TyrHis amino acid change. Tavakoli et al. 15 displayed a heterozygous polymorphism at position 939 (TC) in ERG11 coding region, and speculated that this polymorphism might play a key berth in the transcriptional regulation of genes and be involved in the processes of ergosterol biosynthesis. Sionov et al. 16 have indentified a single missense mutation at amino acid 145 in the ERG11 of C. neoformans strain isolated from an FLC-treated patient, and verified that this mutation was sufficient to lead high FLC resistance. In the present study, we discovered three novel synonymous codon substitutions in ERG11 of C. krusei, among which T642C and A756T only presented in ITR-resistant strains. These alteration in ERG11might be involved in th e resistance mechanism of C. krusei.Many studies have also been designed to research the exact molecular mechanism behind the ERG11 up-regulation in response to azoles and different antifungal drugs 14, 17, 18. A well-characterized matched pair of FLC-susceptible and FLC-resistant C. albicans isolates was analyzed and the resistant strains were found principally associated with up-regulation of ERG11 gene 14. Henry et al. 17 demonstrated that treating C. krusei with the triazole FLC at a concentration of 2 to 9 mg/ml could resulted in four- to five-fold increase in ERG11 RNA levels. Accompanied with previous reports, they hypothesized that the the upregulation of ERG11 gene contributed at least partly to the strength of C. krusei to tolerate azole 19-21. The overexpression of ERG11was also directly shown to confer FLC resistance in S. cerevisiae 18. In accordance with previous studies, our results reflected that mRNA transcription level of ERG11 was found to be significantly hig her in ITR-resistant C. krusei strains compared with that in ITR-susceptible C. krusei strains. The increased production of 14a-demethylase was reported to exceed the inhibitory capacity of the antifungal drugs. Therefore, we speculated that ERG11 gene overexpression might be relevant in the drug resistance in C. krusei.In conclusion, on that point synonymous codon substitutions were observed in ERG11 of C. krusei. These point mutations accompanied with the overexpression of ERG11 might be involved in the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in C. krusei.

Reflective Account On Social Theory Social Work Essay

Reflective Account On kindly scheme Social Work EssayThis assignment will critically reflect upon the acquirement that I have gained through crowd participation. It will also find at what knowledge I have learnt in relation to how I look at putting speculation into expend. It will also look how these theories interconnect and how I utilise elements of psychology and sociology to rationalise how I force work with individuals in future practice.As a separate we chose to hit the books scenario two, the case of Fiona and mainly concentreed on her mental health issues, her pretermit of support as a result of family breakdown and her mixer isolation. To let down with we identified that Fiona seemed to have a lack of control in her aliveness and as a group we felt that this was a huge eye socket that needed to be addressed. To begin to support Fiona she needed to be given meaningful choice and valuable options (Clark, 2000, p.57) in order for her to gain great control o ver her feel and her circumstances. As a social prole we promote social swap, problem solving in human relationships and the potency of liberation of mess to enhance well-being. (IFSW, 2000, cited in Banks, p.3).This was an grievous aspect to memorialize when applying surmisal to Fiona.Theory in social work is an search to let off situations and social relationships. So to be begin with as a group we began to look at theories that may alleviate Fiona holistically such as red ink opening and in particular conflict possibility which seeks to examine morphological distinction within society. This theory argues that society is structured along lines of inequality such as wealth, health and income thus providing people with different life story chances which in turn can result in different life experiences. So whilst this theory could be linked to Fiona with her structural issues of deprivation and comparative poverty and the issue of crime and deviancy in her neighbourho od, this was not the main focus that our group were concerned with and we wanted to concentrate more on her social isolation and her lack of a support network.Systems theory was looked at by the group and I came to commiserate that this theory would fit perfectly with what we were focussing on. Although I did not do much research into this theory for the group work I did get a greater understanding of how this theory would link to Fiona. Systems theory is a functionalist perspective that takes into account how individuals relate to iodine another and society as a whole. It would seem that this theory is usual with social work texts and in practice as it has been suggested that it can be attributed to the consistency with social works long-standing mission to understand and respond to people in their environment (Bartlett, 1970, cited in Healy, 2005, p.89). This theory seeks to provide ways to understand problems and issues and after perusing through some of the literature, I had to agree that this theory links closely to an em mightment approach which aims to seek social change at both an individual and a social level for a service user and as I already know, empowerment is a core component of social work practice.From the start as a group we always knew that we were going to apply cognitive theory to Fiona. As part of my individual research I focused on cognitive theory and cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) as this was the perspective that we felt as a group would be most beneficial to Fiona. While researching this theory my understanding of it was that Fiona needed to address the distorted picture she had of herself as she was blaming herself for experiences not of her making. She had low self-esteem and low self-efficacy and as such she had developed wrong(p) cognitions about herself. Wessler (1986, cited in Gross, 2005, p.286) suggests that CBT is the attempt to change cognition and is always a means to an end, that end being lasting changes in target emotions and behaviour. This I felt is exactly what Fiona needed to do. She needed to change the ways she thinks (her cognition) so she can change what she does (her behaviour) and as such this is the theory that we are a group used in our presentation. It became evident the more I researched CBT that this is a theory that could be applied to many service users as the struggles of workaday life can be stressful and CBT could help oneself them cope erupt in the future as it can be completed in a relatively short time.I gained a vast measuring stick of knowledge about why social actors use theory as we prepared for the group presentation. I understand now that theory helps to explain a situation and perhaps how that situation came about. I recognise that theory can be seen as helping to describe (what is happening), explain (why it is happening) and bid (what is likely to happen next). In practice, if I understand all the in a higher place I can help to control a situation and admit about change for the service user. I began to recognise that there is no one single theory that can explain everything. Theories have limitations likewise and will not work for everyone. I learnt that much of the theory that is used in social work is drawn from outside the profession and has its grow in psychology and sociology and that we should always apply the value base to theory. Theory can help to avoid discrimination and as social workers we are orientated towards anti-oppressive and empowerment practices which seek social change. Dominelli (2002 p.4) suggests that social workers can help individuals to understand their situation, make connections between their personal plight and that of others, examine power relations and their impact on the specifics of their daily routines and acquire the knowledge and skills for fetching control of their lives. When theory is used in practice it can bring out jumbled information and give the social worker more circumspection in their work with the service user. Using theory in practice can give an explanation about why an action resulted in a particular consequence and as such can help the social worker to review and possible change in an attempt to make the consequences more effective. It became clear to me as I researched that theory is important in practice both for the service user and for the social worker to be more valued in society.

gene and our Destiny Essay --

It is evenhandedly difficult for one to understand or realize what attend our destiny. hitherto though components influence every aspect of military personnel physiology, development, and adaptation in that respect are many questions left unanswered. For instance, what influences or specifys my sense of who I am? What stags me distinct from other people? To what extent do I determine my own destiny? Does cistron make me addicted to crime, alcoholism or drug abuse? What is the relationship between ones smart as a whip and gene? How does science inform human identity? In an stress to answer this questions various researchers have come up with contradicting ideas in ascertain if our characteristics and behaviors are primarily due to genetics or the environment in which we live. There are many issues and aspects of lives that influence us daily. These aspects create incompatible situations that lead us to determine our path and destiny.To begin with, our similarities to ou r parents in spirit is entirely genetic, we are born with a set of genes that never change. For instance, during conceit two set of genes joint together into one and from that moment D.N.A starts to determine certain characteristics that we possess. For example, we all accept that gene determines our eye air, height, blood type, gender, color of the hair and other biological factors. But scientists have begun exploring the role of gene in our behaviors, many believe that the power of gene determines all consequences in our lives and others believe that genes do not determine everything in a person life.Many studies have been done to find out whether our destiny is written in gene or determined by circumstances. All this studies reveals that gene may determine how we behave in a given situat... ...es that outhouse influence us both positively and negatively. By doing something constantly make perfect exercise make us healthier and the more we learn, the more lifestyle or nurt ure seems to play in determining our characteristics as individuals. Lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise have a profound role in health and fitness and may toss even further benefits. Passion, drive, and hard work are perhaps right as meaning(a) to success as a natural-born ability. Genes tell us a lot about who we are physically, socially and mentally exclusively environment also play a key role. We as members of human species we are born to change. Our destiny we make ourselves despite the factors we have no control over them. So the answer to whether the genes determine our destiny is until now out. It appears that both gene and environment may be equally important in determining who we are.